Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Monoclonals
Mpro inhibitors
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Quercetin
RdRp inhibitors
TMPRSS2 inh.
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchTocilizumabTocilizumab (more..)
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta
Thermotherapy Meta
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta

 

Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19

Stone et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836, BACC Bay, NCT04356937, Dec 2020
https://c19early.org/stone2.html
Mortality -52% Improvement Relative Risk Ventilation 35% Death/intubation 17% Progression -11% Tocilizumab  BACC Bay  LATE TREATMENT  DB RCT Is late treatment with tocilizumab beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 243 patients in the USA (April - June 2020) Higher mortality (p=0.54) and lower ventilation (p=0.36), not sig. c19early.org Stone et al., New England J. Medicine, Dec 2020 Favorstocilizumab Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
RCT 243 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 showing no significant difference in intubation or death with tocilizumab compared to placebo. Authors hypothesize that elevated interleukin-6 levels may represent host responses to infection rather than components of a self-amplifying inflammatory loop that would benefit from suppression.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments.
risk of death, 52.0% higher, HR 1.52, p = 0.54, treatment 9 of 161 (5.6%), control 3 of 82 (3.7%), adjusted per study, day 28.
risk of mechanical ventilation, 35.0% lower, HR 0.65, p = 0.36, treatment 11 of 161 (6.8%), control 8 of 82 (9.8%), NNT 34, adjusted per study, day 28.
risk of death/intubation, 17.0% lower, HR 0.83, p = 0.65, treatment 17 of 161 (10.6%), control 10 of 82 (12.2%), NNT 61, adjusted per study, day 28.
risk of progression, 11.0% higher, HR 1.11, p = 0.76, treatment 31 of 161 (19.3%), control 14 of 82 (17.1%), adjusted per study, clinical worsening on ordinal scale, day 28.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Stone et al., 10 Dec 2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, median age 59.8, 48 authors, study period 20 April, 2020 - 15 June, 2020, trial NCT04356937 (history) (BACC Bay). Contact: jhstone@mgh.harvard.edu.
Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19
Dr John H Stone, Matthew J Frigault, Naomi J Serling-Boyd, Ana D Fernandes, Liam Harvey, Andrea S Foulkes, Nora K Horick, Brian C Healy, Ruta Shah, Ana Maria Bensaci, Ann E Woolley, Sarah Nikiforow, Nina Lin, Manish Sagar, Harry Schrager, David S Huckins, Matthew Axelrod, Michael D Pincus, Jorge Fleisher, Chana A Sacks, Michael Dougan, Crystal M North, Yuan-Di Halvorsen, Tara K Thurber, Zeina Dagher, Allison Scherer, Rachel S Wallwork, Arthur Y Kim, Sara Schoenfeld, Pritha Sen, Tomas G Neilan, Cory A Perugino, Sebastian H Unizony, Deborah S Collier, Mark A Matza, Janeth M Yinh, Kathryn A Bowman, Eric Meyerowitz, Amna Zafar, Zsofia D Drobni, Marcy B Bolster, Minna Kohler, Kristin M D’silva, Jonathan Dau, Megan M Lockwood, Caroline Cubbison, Brittany N Weber, Michael K Mansour
New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/nejmoa2028836
The efficacy of interleukin-6 receptor blockade in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) who are not receiving mechanical ventilation is unclear. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, hyperinflammatory states, and at least two of the following signs: fever (body temperature >38°C), pulmonary infiltrates, or the need for supplemental oxygen in order to maintain an oxygen saturation greater than 92%. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive standard care plus a single dose of either tocilizu mab (8 mg per kilogram of body weight) or placebo. The primary outcome was intubation or death, assessed in a time-to-event analysis. The secondary efficacy outcomes were clinical worsening and discontinuation of supplemental oxygen among patients who had been receiving it at baseline, both assessed in time-to-event analyses. RESULTS We enrolled 243 patients; 141 (58%) were men, and 102 (42%) were women. The median age was 59.8 years (range, 21.7 to 85.4), and 45% of the patients were Hispanic or Latino. The hazard ratio for intubation or death in the tocilizumab group as compared with the placebo group was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to 1.81; P = 0.64), and the hazard ratio for disease worsening was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.59 to 2.10; P = 0.73). At 14 days, 18.0% of the patients in the tocilizumab group and 14.9% of the patients in the placebo group had had worsening of disease. The median time to discontinuation of supplemental oxygen was 5.0 days (95% CI, 3.8 to 7.6) in the tocilizumab group and 4.9 days (95% CI, 3.8 to 7.8) in the placebo group (P = 0.69). At 14 days, 24.6% of the patients in the tocilizumab group and 21.2% of the patients in the placebo group were still receiving supplemental oxygen. Patients who received tocilizumab had fewer serious infections than patients who received placebo. CONCLUSIONS Tocilizumab was not effective for preventing intubation or death in moderately ill hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Some benefit or harm cannot be ruled out, however, because the confidence intervals for efficacy comparisons were wide.
Appendix The authors' full names and academic degrees are as follows: John H. Stone, M.D., M.P.H., Matthew J. Frigault, M.D., Naomi J.
References
Alattar, Ibrahim, Shaar, Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019, J Med Virol
Antony, Davis, Davis, Early use of tocilizumab in the prevention of adult respiratory failure in SARS-CoV-2 infections and the utilization of interleukin-6 levels in the management, J Med Virol
Beigel, Tomashek, Dodd, Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 -preliminary report, N Engl J Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
Campins, Boixeda, Perez-Cordon, Aranega, Lopera et al., Early tocilizumab treatment could improve survival among COVID-19 patients, Clin Exp Rheumatol
Campochiaro, Della-Torre, Cavalli, Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 patients: a singlecentre retrospective cohort study, Eur J Intern Med
Chastain, Osae, Henao-Martínez, Franco-Paredes, Chastain et al., Racial disproportionality in Covid clinical trials, N Engl J Med
Chen, Zhao, Qu, Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients, Clin Infect Dis
Colaneri, Bogliolo, Valsecchi, Tocilizumab for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients: preliminary results from SMAtteo COvid19 REgistry (SMACORE), Microorganisms
Della-Torre, Campochiaro, Cavalli, Interleukin-6 blockade with sarilumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia with systemic hyperinflammation: an open-label cohort study, Ann Rheum Dis
Dorn, Cooney, Sabin, COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US, Lancet
Gandhi, Lynch, Rio, Mild or moderate Covid-19, N Engl J Med
Guan, Ni, Hu, Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China, N Engl J Med
Guaraldi, Meschiari, Cozzi-Lepri, Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet Rheumatol
Guo, Fan, Chen, Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), JAMA Cardiol
Herold, Jurinovic, Arnreich, Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19, J Allergy Clin Immunol
Herrero, Gimeno, García, Gómez, Mochón et al., Methylprednisolone added to tocilizumab reduces mortality in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: an observational study, J Intern Med
Jordan, Zakowski, Tran, Compassionate use of tocilizumab for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis
Klopfenstein, Zayet, Lohse, Tocilizumab therapy reduced intensive care unit admissions and/or mortality in COVID-19 patients, Med Mal Infect
Knorr, Colomy, Mauriello, Ha, Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a single-center observational analysis, J Med Virol
Lin, He, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang et al., Early risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity in COVID-19 patients, Clin Infect Dis
North, Dougan, Sacks, Improving clinical trial enrollment -in the Covid-19 era and beyond, N Engl J Med
Park, US trial investigating sarilumab for COVID-19 stopped
Petrilli, Jones, Yang, Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study, BMJ
Potere, Nisio, Cibelli, Interleukin-6 receptor blockade with subcutaneous tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation: a case-control study, Ann Rheum Dis
Price, Altice, Shyr, Tocilizumab treatment for cytokine release syndrome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: survival and clinical outcomes, Chest
Pérez-Sáez, Blasco, Redondo-Pachón, Use of tocilizumab in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19, Am J Transplant
Quartuccio, Sonaglia, Mcgonagle, Profiling COVID-19 pneumonia progressing into the cytokine storm syn-drome: results from a single Italian Centre study on tocilizumab versus standard of care, J Clin Virol
Roche, Roche provides an update on the phase III COVACTA trial of Actemra/ RoActemra in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia
Rojas-Marte, Khalid, Mukhtar, Outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 disease treated with tocilizumab: a case-controlled study, QJM
Rossotti, Travi, Ughi, Safety and efficacy of anti-IL6-receptor tocilizumab use in severe and critical patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019: a comparative analysis, J Infect
Shi, Qin, Shen, Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, JAMA Cardiol
Somers, Eschenauer, Troost, Tocilizumab for treatment of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19, Clin Infect Dis
The, Group, Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 -preliminary report, N Engl J Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
Toniati, Piva, Cattalini, Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: a single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy, Autoimmun Rev
Valle, Kim-Schulze, Huang, An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival, Nat Med
Wang, Hu, Hu, Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA
Wang, Lu, Li, Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Xu, Han, Li, Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients The New England Journal of Medicine is produced by NEJM Group, a division of the Massachusetts Medical Society.
Zhou, Yu, Du, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1056/nejmoa2028836", "ISSN": [ "0028-4793", "1533-4406" ], "URL": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2028836", "alternative-id": [ "10.1056/NEJMoa2028836" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Stone", "given": "John H.", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Frigault", "given": "Matthew J.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Serling-Boyd", "given": "Naomi J.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Fernandes", "given": "Ana D.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Harvey", "given": "Liam", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Foulkes", "given": "Andrea S.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Horick", "given": "Nora K.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Healy", "given": "Brian C.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Shah", "given": "Ruta", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Bensaci", "given": "Ana Maria", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2810-1618", "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Woolley", "given": "Ann E.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Nikiforow", "given": "Sarah", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Lin", "given": "Nina", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Sagar", "given": "Manish", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Schrager", "given": "Harry", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Huckins", "given": "David S.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Axelrod", "given": "Matthew", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Pincus", "given": "Michael D.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Fleisher", "given": "Jorge", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Sacks", "given": "Chana A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Dougan", "given": "Michael", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "North", "given": "Crystal M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Halvorsen", "given": "Yuan-Di", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Thurber", "given": "Tara K.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Dagher", "given": "Zeina", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Scherer", "given": "Allison", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Wallwork", "given": "Rachel S.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Kim", "given": "Arthur Y.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Schoenfeld", "given": "Sara", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Sen", "given": "Pritha", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Neilan", "given": "Tomas G.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Perugino", "given": "Cory A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Unizony", "given": "Sebastian H.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Collier", "given": "Deborah S.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Matza", "given": "Mark A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Yinh", "given": "Janeth M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Bowman", "given": "Kathryn A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Meyerowitz", "given": "Eric", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Zafar", "given": "Amna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Drobni", "given": "Zsofia D.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Bolster", "given": "Marcy B.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Kohler", "given": "Minna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "D’Silva", "given": "Kristin M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Dau", "given": "Jonathan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Lockwood", "given": "Megan M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Cubbison", "given": "Caroline", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Weber", "given": "Brittany N.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton–Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S..." } ], "family": "Mansour", "given": "Michael K.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": [ "New England Journal of Medicine" ], "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 10, 21 ] ], "date-time": "2020-10-21T21:01:51Z", "timestamp": 1603314111000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 3, 27 ] ], "date-time": "2024-03-27T01:07:53Z", "timestamp": 1711501673000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100004328", "award": [ "ML42488" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "10.13039/100004328", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "Genentech" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6, 6 ] ], "date-time": "2025-06-06T16:35:13Z", "timestamp": 1749227713665, "version": "3.37.3" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 1090, "issn-type": [ { "type": "print", "value": "0028-4793" }, { "type": "electronic", "value": "1533-4406" } ], "issue": "24", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 10 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "24", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 10 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "http://www.nejmgroup.org/legal/terms-of-use.htm", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 10 ] ], "date-time": "2020-12-10T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1607558400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2028836", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "150", "original-title": [], "page": "2333-2344", "prefix": "10.1056", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 10 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2020, 12, 10 ] ] }, "publisher": "Massachusetts Medical Society", "reference": [ { "key": "e_1_3_5_2_2", "unstructured": "Centers for Disease Control. United States COVID-19 cases and deaths by state (https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/)." }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2002032", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_3_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMcp2009249", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_4_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_5_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_6_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_7_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jama.2020.1585", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_8_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m1966", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_9_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1164/rccm.202003-0736LE", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_10_2" }, { "article-title": "Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients.", "author": "Chen X", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "e_1_3_5_11_2", "unstructured": "Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, et al. Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis 2020 April 17 (Epub ahead of print).32301997", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Early risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity in COVID-19 patients.", "author": "Lin A", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "e_1_3_5_12_2", "unstructured": "Lin A, He Z-B, Zhang S, Zhang J-G, Zhang X, Yan W-H. Early risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity in COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis 2020 April 27 (Epub ahead of print).32337591", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_13_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_14_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30173-9", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_15_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.2005615117", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_16_2" }, { "article-title": "Early tocilizumab treatment could improve survival among COVID-19 patients.", "author": "Campins L", "first-page": "578", "journal-title": "Clin Exp Rheumatol", "key": "e_1_3_5_17_2", "unstructured": "Campins L, Boixeda R, Perez-Cordon L, Aranega R, Lopera C, Force L. Early tocilizumab treatment could improve survival among COVID-19 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2020;38:578-578.32456769", "volume": "38", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.008", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_18_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa954", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_19_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218715", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_20_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26288", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_21_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/joim.13145", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_22_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa812", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_23_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104444", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_24_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/qjmed/hcaa206", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_25_2" }, { "article-title": "Tocilizumab treatment for cytokine release syndrome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: survival and clinical outcomes.", "author": "Price CC", "journal-title": "Chest", "key": "e_1_3_5_26_2", "unstructured": "Price CC, Altice FL, Shyr Y, et al. Tocilizumab treatment for cytokine release syndrome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: survival and clinical outcomes. Chest 2020 June 15 (Epub ahead of print).32553536", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/ajt.16192", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_27_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26191", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_28_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.021", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_29_2" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/microorganisms8050695", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_30_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.medmal.2020.05.001", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_31_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102568", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_32_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.25964", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_33_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218122", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_34_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2007764", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_35_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2021436", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_36_2" }, { "key": "e_1_3_5_37_2", "unstructured": "Park M. US trial investigating sarilumab for COVID-19 stopped. MPR. July 7 2020 (https://www.empr.com/home/news/drugs-in-the-pipeline/sarilumab-interleukin-6-antagonist-covid19-mechanical-ventilation/)." }, { "key": "e_1_3_5_38_2", "unstructured": "Roche. Roche provides an update on the phase III COVACTA trial of Actemra/RoActemra in hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia. July 29 2020 (https://www.roche.com/investors/updates/inv-update-2020-07-29.htm)." }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMp2019989", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_39_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30893-X", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_40_2" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMp2021971", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "e_1_3_5_41_2" } ], "reference-count": 40, "references-count": 40, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2028836" } }, "score": 1, "short-container-title": [ "N Engl J Med" ], "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": [ "Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19" ], "type": "journal-article", "volume": "383" }
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit