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38 PPI COVID-19 controlled studies
-46% improvement, RR
1.46
[1.27-1.68]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Zhou (PSM)
-165%
2.65 [1.75-4.00]
severe case
151/524
173/2,620
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Yao
-600%
7.00 [4.57-10.7]
severe case
694 (n)
2,330 (n)
Yao
-2501%
26.01 [14.11-48.0]
severe case
82 (n)
2,330 (n)
Yao
-95%
1.95 [1.09-3.48]
severe case
537 (n)
2,330 (n)
Liwang
-204%
3.04 [1.22-7.60]
death
216 (n)
149 (n)
LD1
Yan
-240%
3.40 [2.00-5.79]
severe case
16/32
20/136
Blanc
56%
0.44 [0.23-0.82]
cases
63 (n)
116 (n)
Freedberg (PSM)
-34%
1.34 [1.06-1.69]
death/int.
8/84
332/1,536
Argenziano
1%
0.99 [0.73-1.34]
ICU
38/163
198/837
Argenziano
-9%
1.09 [1.03-1.15]
hosp.
149/163
701/837
Vila‐Corcoles
-9%
1.09 [0.80-1.50]
cases
11,807 (n)
23,129 (n)
Lee (PSM)
-79%
1.79 [1.30-3.10]
severe case
267 (n)
267 (n)
Lee (PSM)
-63%
1.63 [1.03-2.53]
severe case
267 (n)
267 (n)
Lee (PSM)
10%
0.90 [0.78-1.01]
cases
13,873 (n)
13,873 (n)
Luxenburger
-248%
3.48 [1.29-9.39]
death
12/62
5/90
Luxenburger
-124%
2.24 [1.13-4.45]
ARDS
17/62
11/90
Luxenburger
-86%
1.86 [1.06-2.83]
misc.
30/62
18/90
Almario
-179%
2.79 [1.65-4.70]
cases
Almario
-267%
3.67 [2.93-4.60]
cases
Almario
-115%
2.15 [1.90-2.44]
cases
García-Menaya
-228%
3.28 [1.22-9.94]
death
15/54
5/59
García-Menaya
-392%
4.92 [1.06-32.6]
ICU
9/54
2/59
Mas Romero
26%
0.74 [0.38-1.45]
death
11/82
21/116
Mas Romero
-8%
1.08 [0.89-1.31]
symp. case
58/82
76/116
Fan (PSM)
-17%
1.17 [0.65-2.90]
death
n/a
n/a
Fan (PSM)
4%
0.96 [0.59-1.55]
death
n/a
n/a
Fan (PSM)
14%
0.86 [0.52-1.45]
death
n/a
n/a
Fan (PSM)
20%
0.80 [0.58-1.11]
death
n/a
n/a
Fan (PSM)
-22%
1.22 [0.93-1.60]
cases
n/a
n/a
Fan (PSM)
-8%
1.08 [0.89-1.31]
cases
n/a
n/a
McKeigue
-44%
1.44 [1.31-1.58]
severe case
case control
Zhang (PSM)
-11%
1.11 [0.92-1.33]
hosp. time
29 (n)
29 (n)
Zhang
6%
0.94 [0.57-1.54]
no disch.
35 (n)
119 (n)
Zhang
37%
0.63 [0.40-1.01]
viral+
35 (n)
119 (n)
Elmunzer
13%
0.87 [0.66-1.14]
death
417 (n)
1,429 (n)
Elmunzer
-2%
1.02 [0.73-1.43]
ventilation
417 (n)
1,429 (n)
Morán Blanco
31%
0.69 [0.36-1.33]
symp. case
12/48
13/36
Cheung
25%
0.75 [0.07-6.00]
severe case
4 (n)
948 (n)
Liu
-127%
2.27 [1.64-3.13]
death
68/227
53/459
Jimenez
-124%
2.24 [1.80-2.80]
death
1,357 (all patients)
Jimenez
-118%
2.18 [1.64-2.91]
death
1,357 (all patients)
Jimenez
-133%
2.33 [1.66-3.27]
death
1,357 (all patients)
Israelsen (PSM)
5%
0.95 [0.74-1.22]
death
166/3,955
189/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
12%
0.88 [0.72-1.08]
death
166/3,955
189/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
-8%
1.08 [0.71-1.64]
ventilation
55/3,955
55/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
0%
1.00 [0.69-1.45]
ventilation
55/3,955
55/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
-5%
1.05 [0.75-1.46]
ICU
92/3,955
95/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
3%
0.97 [0.73-1.29]
ICU
92/3,955
95/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
-22%
1.22 [1.06-1.40]
hosp.
734/3,955
650/3,955
Israelsen (PSM)
-13%
1.13 [1.03-1.24]
hosp.
734/3,955
650/3,955
Israelsen
-8%
1.08 [1.03-1.13]
cases
case control
Shah
3%
0.97 [0.85-1.10]
death
6,262 (n)
8,696 (n)
Shah
-21%
1.21 [0.99-1.48]
ventilation
6,262 (n)
8,696 (n)
Shah
-13%
1.13 [0.99-1.28]
ICU
6,262 (n)
8,696 (n)
Shah
-5%
1.05 [0.97-1.15]
hosp.
6,262 (n)
8,696 (n)
Ramachandran
-92%
1.92 [1.11-2.99]
death
16/46
40/249
Ramachandran
-80%
1.80 [1.13-2.56]
progression
18/46
55/249
Shafrir (PSM)
-47%
1.47 [0.77-2.80]
severe case
22/655
15/655
Shafrir
-16%
1.16 [0.88-1.51]
severe case
Shafrir (PSM)
8%
0.92 [0.85-1.00]
cases
880/6,835
956/6,835
Shafrir
5%
0.95 [0.90-1.01]
cases
population-based cohort
Wu (PSW)
-197%
2.97 [1.63-5.42]
death
1,046 (n)
3,588 (n)
Wu (PSM)
-10%
1.10 [1.01-1.19]
viral+
1,046 (n)
3,588 (n)
Shupp
19%
0.81 [0.54-1.22]
death
448 (n)
2,048 (n)
Shupp
-10%
1.10 [0.83-1.45]
hosp.
448 (n)
2,048 (n)
Kodvanj
7%
0.93 [0.85-1.02]
death
Kodvanj
-4%
1.04 [0.97-1.13]
hosp.
Kim (PSM)
-28%
1.28 [0.48-3.37]
death
9/437
7/437
Kim (PSM)
-75%
1.75 [0.51-5.79]
ventilation
7/437
4/437
Kim (PSM)
-150%
2.50 [0.79-7.65]
ICU
10/437
4/437
Kim (PSM)
-21%
1.21 [0.61-2.39]
progression
17/437
14/437
Kim (PSM)
37%
0.63 [0.53-0.75]
cases
226/9,913
341/9,913
Shokri
-81%
1.81 [1.01-3.25]
severe case
121 (n)
549 (n)
Shokri
-138%
2.38 [1.41-3.34]
severe case
40 (n)
549 (n)
Shokri
-30%
1.30 [0.64-1.96]
severe case
81 (n)
549 (n)
Elkanzi
-17%
1.17 [0.76-1.81]
death
36/159
29/150
Elkanzi
-25%
1.25 [1.00-1.56]
ICU
90/159
68/150
Elkanzi
-126%
2.26 [0.82-6.27]
progression
12/159
5/150
Elkanzi
-33%
1.33 [1.09-1.62]
progression
104/159
74/150
Elkanzi
19%
0.81 [0.60-1.10]
hosp. time
159 (n)
150 (n)
Patil
-48%
1.48 [1.32-1.66]
death
4,566 (n)
15,349 (n)
Patil
-119%
2.19 [1.91-2.50]
ARDS
4,566 (n)
15,349 (n)
Patil
-88%
1.88 [1.73-2.05]
misc.
4,566 (n)
15,349 (n)
Patil
-73%
1.73 [1.48-2.02]
oxygen
4,566 (n)
15,349 (n)
Gramont (PSW)
-59%
1.59 [1.18-2.14]
severe case
424 (n)
410 (n)
Cheung
-49%
1.49 [1.13-1.98]
death
population-based cohort
Cheung
-54%
1.54 [1.21-1.97]
death
population-based cohort
Cheung
21%
0.79 [0.23-2.81]
death
population-based cohort
Cheung
-36%
1.36 [0.79-2.35]
severe case
population-based cohort
Cheung
-57%
1.57 [1.24-1.98]
severe case
population-based cohort
Cheung
21%
0.79 [0.27-2.28]
severe case
population-based cohort
Cheung
-20%
1.20 [1.09-1.32]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Cheung
-20%
1.20 [1.08-1.32]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Cheung
-21%
1.21 [0.92-1.60]
hosp.
population-based cohort
Cheung
-9%
1.09 [1.05-1.13]
cases
population-based cohort
Cheung
-7%
1.07 [1.05-1.10]
cases
population-based cohort
Cheung
-11%
1.11 [1.07-1.15]
cases
population-based cohort
Hirsch
15%
0.85 [0.64-1.13]
hosp.
116,209 (all patients)
Hirsch
15%
0.85 [0.76-0.94]
cases
116,209 (all patients)
Al-Momani
-100%
2.00 [0.46-8.71]
death
3/69
4/184
Al-Momani
-48%
1.48 [0.51-4.27]
ventilation
5/69
9/184
Al-Momani
-25%
1.25 [0.57-2.77]
ICU
8/69
17/184
Zeng
-46%
1.46 [1.05-2.03]
death
population-based cohort
Zeng
-33%
1.33 [1.09-1.61]
severe case
population-based cohort
Zeng
-8%
1.08 [0.99-1.17]
cases
population-based cohort
Pinto
-57%
1.57 [0.90-2.74]
hosp.
15/104
38/414
PPI COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
October 2024
1 LD: comparison with low dose treatment
Favors PPI
Favors control
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