Acid pH Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Risk of Death by COVID-19

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 17]], 'date-time': '2023-01-17T14:52:41Z', 'timestamp': 1673967161527}, 'reference-count': 31, 'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 8, 20]], 'date-time': '2021-08-20T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1629417600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001807', 'name': 'Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['2018/14933-2', '2020/04836-0']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100003593', 'name': 'Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['frontiersin.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect a broad ' 'range of human tissues by using the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ' 'Individuals with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 display higher levels of ' '<jats:italic>ACE2</jats:italic> in the lungs compared to those without comorbidities, and ' 'conditions such as cell stress, elevated glucose levels and hypoxia may also increase the ' "expression of <jats:italic>ACE2</jats:italic>. Here, we showed that patients with Barrett's " 'esophagus (BE) have a higher expression of <jats:italic>ACE2</jats:italic> in BE tissues ' 'compared to normal squamous esophagus, and that the lower pH associated with BE may drive ' 'this increase in expression. Human primary monocytes cultured in reduced pH displayed ' 'increased <jats:italic>ACE2</jats:italic> expression and higher viral load upon SARS-CoV-2 ' 'infection. We also showed in two independent cohorts of 1,357 COVID-19 patients that previous ' 'use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with 2- to 3-fold higher risk of death compared ' 'to those not using the drugs. Our work suggests that pH has a great influence on SARS-CoV-2 ' 'Infection and COVID-19 severity.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3389/fmed.2021.637885', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 8, 20]], 'date-time': '2021-08-20T05:06:06Z', 'timestamp': 1629435966000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 14, 'title': 'Acid pH Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Risk of Death by COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.3389', 'volume': '8', 'author': [ {'given': 'Leandro', 'family': 'Jimenez', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ana', 'family': 'Campos Codo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Vanderson de Souza', 'family': 'Sampaio', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Antonio E. 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