People exposed to proton‐pump inhibitors shortly preceding COVID‐19 diagnosis are not at an increased risk of subsequent hospitalizations and mortality: A nationwide matched cohort study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 1]], 'date-time': '2024-05-01T00:54:19Z', 'timestamp': 1714524859024}, 'reference-count': 36, 'publisher': 'Wiley', 'issue': '2', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 5]], 'date-time': '2022-10-05T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1664928000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100007682', 'name': 'Medicinski Fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2023, 2]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims</jats:title><jats:p>To assess whether exposure to proton‐pump ' 'inhibitors (PPIs) shortly preceding COVID‐19 diagnosis affected the risk of subsequent ' 'hospitalizations and ' 'mortality.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This ' 'population‐based study embraced first COVID‐19 episodes in adults diagnosed up to 15 August ' '2021 in Croatia. Patients were classified based on exposure to PPIs and burden of ' 'PPI‐requiring morbidities as <jats:italic>nonusers</jats:italic> (no issued prescriptions, no ' 'recorded treatment‐requiring conditions between 1 January 2019 and COVID‐19 diagnosis), ' '<jats:italic>possible users</jats:italic> (no issued prescriptions, but morbidities present; ' 'self‐medication possible) and <jats:italic>users</jats:italic> (≥1 prescription within 3\xa0' 'months prior to the COVID‐19 diagnosis; morbidities present). Subsets were mutually exactly ' 'matched for pre‐COVID‐19 characteristics. The contrast between ' '<jats:italic>users</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>possible users</jats:italic> informed about ' 'the effect of PPIs that is separate of the effect of PPI‐requiring ' 'conditions.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Among ' '433\u2009609 patients, <jats:italic>users</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>possible ' 'users</jats:italic> were matched 41\u2009195 (of 55\u2009098) to 17\u2009334 (of 18\u2009170) ' 'in the primary and 33\u2009272 to 16\u2009434 in the sensitivity analysis. There was no ' 'relevant difference between them regarding mortality (primary: relative risk [RR]\u2009=\xa0' '0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.85–1.02; absolute risk difference [RD]\u2009=\u2009−0.34% ' '[−0.73, 0.03]; sensitivity: RR\u2009=\xa00.88 [0.78–0.98]; RD\u2009=\u2009−0.45% [−0.80, ' '−0.11]) or hospitalizations (primary: RR\u2009=\xa01.04 [0.97–1.13]; RD\u2009=\xa00.29% ' '[−0.16, 0.73]; sensitivity: RR\u2009=\xa01.05 [0.97–1.15]; RD\u2009=\xa00.32% [−0.12, 0.75]). ' 'The risks of both were slightly higher in <jats:italic>possible users</jats:italic> or ' '<jats:italic>users</jats:italic> than in <jats:italic>nonusers</jats:italic> (absolutely by ' '~0.4–1.6%) indicating the effect of PPI‐requiring ' 'morbidities.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Premorbid ' 'exposure to PPIs does not affect the risk of death or hospitalization in adult COVID‐19 ' 'patients, but PPI‐requiring morbidities seemingly slightly increase the risk of ' 'both.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1111/bcp.15525', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 9, 12]], 'date-time': '2022-09-12T14:09:31Z', 'timestamp': 1662991771000}, 'page': '787-831', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 1, 'title': 'People exposed to proton‐pump inhibitors shortly preceding COVID‐19 diagnosis are not at an ' 'increased risk of subsequent hospitalizations and mortality: A nationwide matched cohort study', 'prefix': '10.1111', 'volume': '89', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-3701', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ivan', 'family': 'Kodvanj', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University ' 'Hospital Center Zagreb Zagreb Croatia'}]}, { 'given': 'Jan', 'family': 'Homolak', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacology Zagreb University School of Medicine ' 'Zagreb Croatia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0968-1194', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Vladimir', 'family': 'Trkulja', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacology Zagreb University School of Medicine ' 'Zagreb Croatia'}]}], 'member': '311', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 5]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_2_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MOG.0000000000000676'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_3_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.031'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_4_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.046'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_5_1', 'unstructured': 'Association of the European Self‐Care Industry.AESGP OTC ingredients ' 'directory.https://aesgp.eu/databases'}, {'key': 'e_1_2_10_6_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/bcpt.13023'}, {'key': 'e_1_2_10_7_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.7759/cureus.12759'}, {'key': 'e_1_2_10_8_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/apt.16407'}, {'key': 'e_1_2_10_9_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40261‐020‐00963‐x'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_10_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40261‐021‐01007‐8'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_11_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106044'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_12_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110018'}, {'key': 'e_1_2_10_13_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cgh.2021.05.011'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_14_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s43440‐021‐00263‐x'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_15_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.074'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_16_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00228‐021‐03255‐1'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_17_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467‐020‐19478‐2'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_18_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.028'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_19_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gutjnl‐2020‐322248'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_20_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gutjnl‐2020‐323672'}, {'key': 'e_1_2_10_21_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1017/pan.2019.11'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_22_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.045'}, { 'key': 'e_1_2_10_23_1', 'unstructured': 'Medicinal products database. 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