Melatonin: highlighting its use as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Russel J Reiter, Ramaswamy Sharma, Fedor Simko, Alberto Dominguez-Rodriguez, Jan Tesarik, Richard L Neel, Andrzej T Slominski, Konrad Kleszczynski, Verna M Martin-Gimenez, Walter Manucha, Daniel P Cardinali
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, doi:10.1007/s00018-021-04102-3
Numerous pharmaceutical drugs have been repurposed for use as treatments for COVID-19 disease. These drugs have not consistently demonstrated high efficacy in preventing or treating this serious condition and all have side effects to differing degrees. We encourage the continued consideration of the use of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, melatonin, as a countermeasure to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. More than 140 scientific publications have identified melatonin as a likely useful agent to treat this disease. Moreover, the publications cited provide the rationale for the use of melatonin as a prophylactic agent against this condition. Melatonin has pan-antiviral effects and it diminishes the severity of viral infections and reduces the death of animals infected with numerous different viruses, including three different coronaviruses. Network analyses, which compared drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2 in humans, also predicted that melatonin would be the most effective agent for preventing/treating COVID-19. Finally, when seriously infected COVID-19 patients were treated with melatonin, either alone or in combination with other medications, these treatments reduced the severity of infection, lowered the death rate, and shortened the duration of hospitalization. Melatonin's ability to arrest SARS-CoV-2 infections may reduce health care exhaustion by limiting the need for hospitalization. Importantly, melatonin has a high safety profile over a wide range of doses and lacks significant toxicity. Some molecular processes by which melatonin resists a SARS-CoV-2 infection are summarized. The authors believe that all available, potentially beneficial drugs, including melatonin, that lack toxicity should be used in pandemics such as that caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Author contributions Before writing began, all co-authors discussed the publications related to this report. The final selection of papers to be covered in the report was done by RJR and RS. The initial draft of the paper was written by RJR and then reviewed by all co-authors. The suggestions of all co-authors were incorporated into the final version of the review by RJR. All co-authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethical approval Not applicable.
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'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Numerous pharmaceutical drugs have been repurposed '
'for use as treatments for COVID-19 disease. These drugs have not consistently demonstrated '
'high efficacy in preventing or treating this serious condition and all have side effects to '
'differing degrees. We encourage the continued consideration of the use of the antioxidant and '
'anti-inflammatory agent, melatonin, as a countermeasure to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. More than '
'140 scientific publications have identified melatonin as a likely useful agent to treat this '
'disease. Moreover, the publications cited provide the rationale for the use of melatonin as a '
'prophylactic agent against this condition. Melatonin has pan-antiviral effects and it '
'diminishes the severity of viral infections and reduces the death of animals infected with '
'numerous different viruses, including three different coronaviruses. Network analyses, which '
'compared drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2 in humans, also predicted that melatonin would be the '
'most effective agent for preventing/treating COVID-19. Finally, when seriously infected '
'COVID-19 patients were treated with melatonin, either alone or in combination with other '
'medications, these treatments reduced the severity of infection, lowered the death rate, and '
'shortened the duration of hospitalization. Melatonin’s ability to arrest SARS-CoV-2 '
'infections may reduce health care exhaustion by limiting the need for hospitalization. '
'Importantly, melatonin has a high safety profile over a wide range of doses and lacks '
'significant toxicity. Some molecular processes by which melatonin resists a SARS-CoV-2 '
'infection are summarized. The authors believe that all available, potentially beneficial '
'drugs, including melatonin, that lack toxicity should be used in pandemics such as that '
'caused by SARS-CoV-2.</jats:p>',
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