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Melatonin and viral infections: A review focusing on therapeutic effects and SARS-CoV-2

Chacin-Bonilla et al., Melatonin Research, doi:10.32794/mr112500168

Apr 2024

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Melatonin for COVID-19

10th treatment shown to reduce risk in December 2020

^*, now known with p = 0.0000002 from 18 studies.

Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, and recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,100+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

Review of the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin on viral infections, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Authors highlight melatonin's potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, which suggest its potential to treat the cytokine storm and hyper-inflammation associated with severe COVID-19. Melatonin has been shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, increase anti-inflammatory cytokines, and potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by interfering with virus-cell coupling and intracellular processes. Clinical trials have documented melatonin's efficacy as a prophylactic or therapeutic for COVID-19, reducing symptom severity and mortality. The review also discusses melatonin's potential to address gut dysbiosis, which may play a role in COVID-19 severity through modulation of the immune response and systemic inflammation.

Reviews covering melatonin for COVID-19 include Alomari, Behl, Camp, Castle, Chacin-Bonilla, Charaa, Cross, DiNicolantonio, Hosseinzadeh, Langen, Lempesis, Loh, Ramos, Reiter, Reiter (B), Shneider, Tan, Yehia, Zhang.

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1. Alomari et al., Assessing the antiviral potential of melatonin: A comprehensive systematic review, Reviews in Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/rmv.2499.wiley.com, doi.org.

2. Behl et al., CD147-spike protein interaction in COVID-19: Get the ball rolling with a novel receptor and therapeutic target, Science of The Total Environment, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152072.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

3. Camp et al., Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROS-related steps, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111546.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

4. Castle et al., Implications for Systemic Approaches to COVID-19: Effect Sizes of Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Melatonin, Vitamin D3, and Meditation, Journal of Inflammation Research, doi:10.2147/JIR.S323356.dovepress.com, doi.org.

5. Chacin-Bonilla et al., Melatonin and viral infections: A review focusing on therapeutic effects and SARS-CoV-2, Melatonin Research, doi:10.32794/mr112500168.melatonin-research.net, doi.org.

6. Charaa et al., Prophylactic Treatment Protocol against the Severity of COVID-19 Using Melatonin, SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3601861.ssrn.com, doi.org.

7. Cross et al., Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy, Endocrine Practice, doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.06.001.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

8. DiNicolantonio et al., Melatonin may decrease risk for and aid treatment of COVID-19 and other RNA viral infections, Open Heart, doi:10.1136/openhrt-2020-001568.bmj.com, doi.org.

9. Hosseinzadeh et al., Melatonin effect on platelets and coagulation: Implications for a prophylactic indication in COVID-19, Life Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120866.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

10. Langen, M., Melatonin - the Hormone of Both Sun and Darkness - Protects Your Health and Can Save Your Life, Rounding The Earth, roundingtheearth.substack.com/p/melatonin-the-hormone-of-both-sun.substack.com.

11. Lempesis et al., A mid‑pandemic night's dream: Melatonin, from harbinger of anti‑inflammation to mitochondrial savior in acute and long COVID‑19 (Review), International Journal of Molecular Medicine, doi:10.3892/ijmm.2024.5352.spandidos-publications.com, doi.org.

12. Loh et al., Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23158122.mdpi.com, doi.org.

13. Ramos et al., The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy, Antioxidants, doi:10.3390/antiox10071152.mdpi.com, doi.org.

14. Reiter et al., Melatonin: highlighting its use as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, doi:10.1007/s00018-021-04102-3.springer.com, doi.org.

15. Reiter (B) et al., Therapeutic Algorithm for Use of Melatonin in Patients With COVID-19, Frontiers in Medicine, doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00226.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

16. Shneider et al., Can melatonin reduce the severity of COVID-19 pandemic?, International Reviews of Immunology, doi:10.1080/08830185.2020.1756284.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

17. Tan et al., Mechanisms and clinical evidence to support melatonin's use in severe COVID-19 patients to lower mortality, Life Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120368.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

18. Yehia et al., Melatonin: a ferroptosis inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy for the post-COVID-19 trajectory of accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration, Molecular Neurodegeneration, doi:10.1186/s13024-024-00728-6.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

19. Zhang et al., COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment, Life Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117583.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

Chacin-Bonilla et al., 19 Apr 2024, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.

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