Effectiveness and Safety of Turmeric for the Treatment of COVID-19: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295", "ISSN": [ "0965-2299" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295", "alternative-id": [ "S0965229925001712" ], "article-number": "103295", "assertion": [ { "label": "This article is maintained by", "name": "publisher", "value": "Elsevier" }, { "label": "Article Title", "name": "articletitle", "value": "Effectiveness and Safety of Turmeric for the Treatment of COVID-19: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" }, { "label": "Journal Title", "name": "journaltitle", "value": "Complementary Therapies in Medicine" }, { "label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version", "name": "articlelink", "value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295" }, { "label": "Content Type", "name": "content_type", "value": "article" }, { "label": "Copyright", "name": "copyright", "value": "© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sawangjit", "given": "Ratree", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sadoyu", "given": "Saranrat", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Manosanthipaibul", "given": "Siripong", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Teerawattanapong", "given": "Nattawat", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Puttarak", "given": "Panupong", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Wanaratna", "given": "Kulthanit", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Charoensup", "given": "Rawiwan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Hiransai", "given": "Poonsit", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Meetam", "given": "Thunyaluk", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-8794", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Chaiyakunapruk", "given": "Nathorn", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Complementary Therapies in Medicine", "container-title-short": "Complementary Therapies in Medicine", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "clinicalkey.com", "clinicalkey.com.au", "clinicalkey.es", "clinicalkey.fr", "clinicalkey.jp", "elsevier.com", "sciencedirect.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10, 31 ] ], "date-time": "2025-10-31T08:08:11Z", "timestamp": 1761898091000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10, 31 ] ], "date-time": "2025-10-31T08:08:29Z", "timestamp": 1761898109000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100007288", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "10.13039/501100007288", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "Mahasarakham University" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10, 31 ] ], "date-time": "2025-10-31T08:40:12Z", "timestamp": 1761900012918, "version": "build-2065373602" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10 ] ] }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1759276800000 } }, { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1759276800000 } }, { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 28, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10, 29 ] ], "date-time": "2025-10-29T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1761696000000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0965229925001712?httpAccept=text/xml", "content-type": "text/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0965229925001712?httpAccept=text/plain", "content-type": "text/plain", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" } ], "member": "78", "original-title": [], "page": "103295", "prefix": "10.1016", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 10 ] ] }, "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1128/aac.02404-21", "article-title": "New perspectives on antimicrobial agents: molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for treatment of COVID-19", "author": "Atmar", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "e02404", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Antimicrob Agents Chemother", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib1", "volume": "66", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic", "author": "Cucinotta", "first-page": "157", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Acta Biomed", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib2", "volume": "91", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034", "article-title": "World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)", "author": "Sohrabi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "71", "journal-title": "Int J Surg", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib3", "volume": "76", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.054", "article-title": "Mechanisms of long COVID and the path toward therapeutics", "author": "Peluso", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "5500", "issue": "20", "journal-title": "Cell", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib4", "volume": "187", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejim.2022.05.024", "article-title": "Efficacy and safety of molnupiravir for COVID-19 patients", "author": "Fatima", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "118", "journal-title": "Eur J Intern Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib5", "volume": "102", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib6", "unstructured": "Yazdanpanah F., Hamblin M.R., Rezaei N. The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sci. https://doi.org/2020;256:117900." }, { "DOI": "10.3390/foods6100092", "article-title": "Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health", "author": "Hewlings", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "92", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Foods", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib7", "volume": "6", "year": "2017" }, { "article-title": "A Review on Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Activity of Curcumin", "author": "Zorofchian Moghadamtousi", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Biomed Res Int", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib8", "volume": "2014", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.6738", "article-title": "Potential effects of curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection", "author": "Zahedipour", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2911", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib9", "volume": "34", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2020.01021", "article-title": "Turmeric and Its Major Compound Curcumin on Health: Bioactive Effects and Safety Profiles for Food, Pharmaceutical, Biotechnological and Medicinal Applications", "author": "Sharifi-Rad", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib10", "volume": "11", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jff.2021.104503", "article-title": "Promising role of curcumin against viral diseases emphasizing COVID-19 management: A review on the mechanistic insights with reference to host-pathogen interaction and immunomodulation", "author": "Dhar", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "J Funct Foods", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib11", "volume": "82", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Nano-curcumin therapy, a promising method in modulating inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients", "author": "Valizadeh", "issue": "Pt B", "journal-title": "Int Immunopharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib12", "volume": "89", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.4067/S0717-97072022000205537", "article-title": "Physicochemical investigation of anti-COVID19 drugs using several medicinal plants", "author": "Mollaamin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "5537", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Chil Chem Soc", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib13", "volume": "67", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.33263/BRIAC103.575585", "article-title": "An overview on coronaviruses family from past to COVID-19: Introduce some inhibitors as antiviruses from Gillan’s plants", "author": "Monajjemi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "5575", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Biointerface Res Appl Chem", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib14", "volume": "10", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/antib13020038", "article-title": "Structural and functional characterization of medicinal plants as selective antibodies towards therapy of COVID-19 symptoms", "author": "Mollaamin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "38", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Antibodies (Basel)", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib15", "volume": "13", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/fsn3.2226", "article-title": "Oral nano-curcumin formulation efficacy in the management of mild to moderate outpatient COVID-19: A randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial", "author": "Ahmadi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "4068", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Food Sci Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib16", "volume": "9", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2021.669362", "article-title": "Oral Curcumin With Piperine as Adjuvant Therapy for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "author": "Pawar", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib17", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119437", "article-title": "Nanocurcumin improves Treg cell responses in patients with mild and severe SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Tahmasebi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Life Sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib18", "volume": "276", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.7724", "article-title": "Curcumin for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "author": "Shafiee", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1167", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib19", "volume": "37", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14020256", "article-title": "Effectiveness of Curcumin on Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials", "author": "Vahedian-Azimi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "256", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib20", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib21", "unstructured": "Higgins J.P.T. GSe. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. March 2011 ed. 2011." }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.n71", "article-title": "The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews", "author": "Page", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "n71", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib22", "volume": "372", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z", "article-title": "PRISMA-S Group. PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews", "author": "Rethlefsen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "39", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Syst Rev", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib23", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.d5928", "article-title": "Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials", "author": "Higgins", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "d5928", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib24", "volume": "343", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557", "article-title": "Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses", "author": "Higgins", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "557", "issue": "7414", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib25", "volume": "327", "year": "2003" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2", "article-title": "Meta-analysis in clinical trials", "author": "DerSimonian", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "177", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Control Clin Trials", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib26", "volume": "7", "year": "1986" }, { "author": "Borenstein", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib27", "series-title": "Introduction to meta-analysis", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629", "article-title": "Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test", "author": "Egger", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "629", "issue": "7109", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib28", "volume": "315", "year": "1997" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/sim.2889", "article-title": "Performance of the trim and fill method in the presence of publication bias and between-study heterogeneity", "author": "Peters", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "4544", "issue": "25", "journal-title": "Stat Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib29", "volume": "26", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD", "article-title": "GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations", "author": "Guyatt", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "924", "issue": "7650", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib30", "volume": "336", "year": "2008" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175267", "article-title": "Immunomodulatory role of Nanocurcumin in COVID-19 patients with dropped natural killer cells frequency and function", "author": "Abbaspour-Aghdam", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Eur J Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib31", "volume": "933", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.humimm.2023.05.003", "article-title": "Combining nano-curcumin with catechin improves COVID-19-infected patient's inflammatory conditions", "author": "Ahmad Merza Mohammad", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "471", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Hum Immunol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib32", "volume": "84", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2023/5734675", "article-title": "Efficacy of Nanocurcumin as an Add-On Treatment for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial", "author": "Ahmadi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Int J Clin Pract", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib33", "volume": "2023", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.7375", "article-title": "Antiinflammatory potential of nano-curcumin as an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of mild-to-moderate hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a placebo-controlled clinical trial", "author": "Asadirad", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1023", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib34", "volume": "36", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13063-022-06375-w", "article-title": "The efficacy of curcumin-piperine co-supplementation on clinical symptoms, duration, severity, and inflammatory factors in COVID-19 outpatients: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Askari", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "472", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Trials", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib35", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.7683", "article-title": "Phase III randomized clinical trial of BV-4051, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation in moderate SARS-CoV-2 infections and its impact on inflammatory biomarkers", "author": "Chitre", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1232", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib36", "volume": "37", "year": "2023" }, { "article-title": "The Effect of Curcumex Supplement (Containing Turmeric, Ginger, and Black Pepper Extract) on Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings of Patients with COVID-19", "author": "Ghasemian", "first-page": "70", "issue": "229", "journal-title": "J Mazandaran univ med sci", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib37", "volume": "33", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.5530/pj.2022.14.27", "article-title": "The Effect of Curcumin and Virgin Coconut Oil Towards Cytokines Levels in COVID-19 Patients at Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia", "author": "Hartono", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "216", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Pharmacogn J", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib38", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.7294", "article-title": "A triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of curcumin-containing nanomicelles on cellular immune responses subtypes and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients", "author": "Hassaniazad", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "6417", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib39", "volume": "35", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/jcmm.17337", "article-title": "Effect of ArtemiC in patients with COVID-19: A Phase II prospective study", "author": "Hellou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3281", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "J Cell Mol Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib40", "volume": "26", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.7374", "article-title": "Effect of nanocurcumin supplementation on the severity of symptoms and length of hospital stay in patients with COVID-19: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Honarkar Shafie", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1013", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib41", "volume": "36", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2022.898062", "article-title": "Oral Co-Supplementation of Curcumin, Quercetin, and Vitamin D3 as an Adjuvant Therapy for Mild to Moderate Symptoms of COVID-19-Results From a Pilot Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial", "author": "Khan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib42", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s41043-024-00584-6", "article-title": "Efficacy of highly bioavailable oral curcumin in asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Kishimoto", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "93", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Health Popul Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib43", "volume": "43", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2021/8447545", "article-title": "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of a Nutritional Supplement (ImmuActive(TM)) for COVID-19 Patients", "author": "Majeed", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Evid Based Complement Alternat Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib44", "volume": "2021", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "AYUSH medicine as add-on therapy for mild category COVID-19; an open label randomised, controlled clinical trial", "author": "Rao", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib45", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.7844", "article-title": "Promising clinical outcomes of nano-curcumin treatment as an adjunct therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Sadeghizadeh", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3631", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Phytother Res", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib46", "volume": "37", "year": "2023" }, { "article-title": "A prospective, multi center, single blind, randomized controlled study evaluating \"AyurCoro3\" as an adjuvant in the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients", "author": "Sankhe", "first-page": "31", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Ayurveda Integr Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib47", "volume": "6", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102824", "article-title": "A randomized, controlled, blinded, parallel group, clinical trial to study the role of Ayurcov (AyurCoro3), one day regimen as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 disease management, at dedicated Covid Hospital (DCH) in India", "author": "Sankhe", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Complement Ther Med", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib48", "volume": "67", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "The possible therapeutic role of curcumin and quercetin in the early-stage of COVID-19—Results from a pragmatic randomized clinical trial", "author": "Ujjan", "journal-title": "Original Research. Front Nutr", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib49", "volume": "9", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2022.863082", "article-title": "Pharmaceutical prospects of Curcuminoids for the remedy of COVID-19: Truth or Myth", "author": "Fu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front Pharmacol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib50", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111888", "article-title": "Pharmacological properties and underlying mechanisms of curcumin and prospects in medicinal potential", "author": "Fu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Biomed Pharmacother", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib51", "volume": "141", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-024-61662-7", "article-title": "Antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of curcumin and curcuminoids in SH-SY5Y cells infected by SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Nicoliche", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Sci Rep", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib52", "volume": "14", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.18103/mra.v8i10.2248", "article-title": "Molecular Mechanisms of Curcumin in COVID-19 Treatment and Prevention: A Global Health Perspective", "author": "Roberts", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Med Res Arch", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib53", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fcell.2020.00479", "article-title": "The Inhibitory Effect of Curcumin on Virus-Induced Cytokine Storm and Its Potential Use in the Associated Severe Pneumonia", "author": "Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "479", "journal-title": "Front Cell Dev Biol", "key": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295_bib54", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" } ], "reference-count": 54, "references-count": 54, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0965229925001712" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Effectiveness and Safety of Turmeric for the Treatment of COVID-19: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy" }