Supplementary Data — Curcumin reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 28 studies

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Saber-Moghaddam 94% 0.06 [0.00-0.93] progression 0/21 8/20 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Saber-Moghaddam 38% 0.62 [0.39-0.96] no recov. 11/21 17/20 Saber-Moghaddam 45% 0.55 [0.39-0.79] hosp. time 21 (n) 20 (n) Aldwihi 31% 0.69 [0.43-1.04] hosp. 30/144 207/594 Pawar (DB RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.79] death 2/70 11/70 OT​1​ Pawar (DB RCT) 60% 0.40 [0.09-1.75] death 2/15 5/15 OT​1​ Pawar (DB RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-1.56] death 0/25 5/25 OT​1​ Pawar (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.87] death 0/30 1/30 OT​1​ Ahmadi (DB RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.65] hosp. 0/30 3/30 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.48-1.31] recov. time 30 (n) 30 (n) Sankhe (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-2.03] death 0/87 4/87 CT​2​ Sankhe (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.03-2.19] ventilation 1/87 4/87 CT​2​ Sankhe (RCT) 46% 0.54 [0.35-0.76] no recov. 29/87 60/87 CT​2​ Sankhe (RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.71-1.15] hosp. time 87 (n) 87 (n) CT​2​ Majeed (DB RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.01-8.09] ventilation 0/45 1/47 CT​2​ Majeed (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-4.13] hosp. 0/45 2/47 CT​2​ Majeed (DB RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.39-0.84] no recov. 45 (n) 47 (n) CT​2​ Majeed (DB RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.56-1.01] no recov. 26/45 36/47 CT​2​ Majeed (DB RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.80-1.10] viral time 45 (n) 47 (n) CT​2​ Khan (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.37-1.19] no recov. 10/25 15/25 CT​2​ Khan (RCT) 39% 0.61 [0.43-0.87] no recov. 25 (n) 25 (n) CT​2​ Khan (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.30-0.84] viral+ 10/25 20/25 CT​2​ Askari (DB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.43-1.25] no recov. 13 (n) 13 (n) Askari (DB RCT) -125% 2.25 [0.30-16.6] no recov. 3/8 1/6 Askari (DB RCT) -433% 5.33 [0.30-93.3] no recov. 2/6 0/7 Askari (DB RCT) 73% 0.27 [0.08-0.95] no recov. 2/12 8/13 Askari (DB RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.20-1.77] no recov. 3/10 7/14 Askari (DB RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.21-1.79] no recov. 4/13 4/8 Askari (DB RCT) -71% 1.71 [0.20-14.5] no recov. 2/7 1/6 Askari (DB RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.07-11.5] no recov. 1/8 1/7 Askari (DB RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.25-4.07] no recov. 3/13 3/13 Chitre (DB RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.79-0.99] recov. time 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.80-0.99] no recov. 70/89 76/86 CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.64-1.00] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.62-1.04] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.70-1.05] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.67-1.06] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.75-1.12] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.66-1.06] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.66-1.05] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.65-1.03] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.54-1.04] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.66-1.01] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.69-1.01] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Chitre (DB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.65-1.06] no recov. 89 (n) 86 (n) CT​2​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.50-1.03] no recov. 15/25 21/25 CT​2​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.14-0.59] no recov. 6/25 21/25 CT​2​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.07-0.71] no recov. 3/25 13/25 CT​2​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.63] no recov. 0/25 3/25 CT​2​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-1.56] viral+ 0/25 5/25 CT​2​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 74% 0.26 [0.12-0.59] viral+ 5/25 19/25 CT​2​ Kishimoto (DB RCT) 47% 0.53 [0.10-2.90] progression 2/71 4/67 CURCOVID Alcântara 37% 0.63 [0.16-2.41] hosp. 3/58 6/73 CURCOVID Alcântara -26% 1.26 [0.47-3.38] misc. 7/58 7/73 CURCOVID Alcântara 37% 0.63 [0.51-0.78] no recov. 58 (n) 73 (n) CURCOVID Alcântara 37% 0.63 [0.51-0.78] no recov. 58 (n) 73 (n) Valizadeh (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.18-1.40] death 4/20 8/20 Tahmasebi (DB RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.02-1.32] death 1/40 6/40 Tahmasebi (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.72] death 0/20 1/20 Tahmasebi (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.03-1.56] death 1/20 5/20 Hassania.. (DB RCT) -46% 1.46 [0.01-329] SpO2 imp. 20 (n) 20 (n) Asadirad (RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.26-2.12] death 5/27 6/24 Asadirad (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.14-1.82] progression 3/30 6/30 Asadirad (RCT) 45% 0.55 [0.27-1.09] no recov. 8/27 13/24 Asadirad (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.22-2.35] no recov. 4/27 5/24 Asadirad (RCT) 41% 0.59 [0.25-1.42] no recov. 6/27 9/24 Asadirad (RCT) 37% 0.63 [0.23-1.74] no recov. 5/27 7/24 Asadirad (RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.58-1.10] no recov. 18/27 20/24 Kartika 41% 0.59 [0.35-1.00] hosp. time 139 (n) 107 (n) Hartono (RCT) 53% 0.47 [0.32-0.68] viral+ 14/30 30/30 CT​2​ Hartono (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.09-0.66] viral+ 4/30 16/30 CT​2​ Hartono (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.87] viral+ 0/30 1/30 CT​2​ Phyto-V Thomas (DB RCT) 44% 0.56 [0.34-0.91] improv. 74 (n) 73 (n) LONG COVID CT​2​ Phyto-V Thomas (DB RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.07-0.47] improv. 74 (n) 73 (n) LONG COVID CT​2​ Phyto-V Thomas (DB RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.16-0.84] improv. 74 (n) 73 (n) LONG COVID CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.71] death 0/60 3/60 CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.71] ventilation 0/60 3/60 CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.04-3.11] ICU 1/60 3/60 CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.71-1.15] hosp. time 45 (n) 45 (n) CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.63-1.10] hosp. time 15 (n) 15 (n) CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 32% 0.68 [0.54-0.86] recov. time 45 (n) 45 (n) CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 36% 0.64 [0.49-0.83] recov. time 45 (n) 45 (n) CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.75-1.23] recov. time 15 (n) 15 (n) CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) -5% 1.05 [0.99-1.11] recov. time 15 (n) 15 (n) CT​2​ Sankhe (SB RCT) 44% 0.56 [0.38-0.81] viral load 44 (n) 43 (n) CT​2​ Hellou (DB RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.06-0.95] NEWS2 33 (n) 17 (n) CT​2​ Hellou (DB RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.55] oxygen 0/33 4/17 CT​2​ Hellou (DB RCT) 70% 0.30 [0.05-1.67] oxygen time 33 (n) 17 (n) CT​2​ Hellou (DB RCT) 13% 0.87 [0.07-10.6] hosp. time 33 (n) 17 (n) CT​2​ Hellou (DB RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.47-1.71] viral+ 14/33 8/17 CT​2​ Abbaspour-A.. (RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.06-1.26] death 2/30 7/30 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.02-0.89] no recov. 1/28 6/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.86] no recov. 0/28 4/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.32-1.20] no recov. 9/28 12/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT) 59% 0.41 [0.12-1.46] no recov. 3/28 6/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.01-3.65] no recov. 0/28 2/23 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.68] progression 0/21 6/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.62-0.93] hosp. time 21 (n) 21 (n) Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 68% 0.33 [0.21-0.49] no recov. 21 (n) 21 (n) Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.04-2.95] no recov. 1/21 3/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.03-1.57] no recov. 1/21 5/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.02-0.96] no recov. 1/21 7/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-3.93] no recov. 0/21 2/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.03-2.05] no recov. 1/21 4/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.03-2.05] no recov. 1/21 4/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.74] no recov. 0/21 1/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.05-5.10] no recov. 1/21 2/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.74] no recov. 0/21 1/21 Gérain (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.70] death 0/25 1/24 CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.71] death/ICU 0/25 5/24 CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.92] ventilation 0/25 4/24 CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.92] ICU 0/25 4/24 CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 73% 0.27 [0.06-1.19] no disch. 2/25 7/24 CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 59% 0.41 [0.19-0.89] no disch. 6/25 14/24 CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.44-0.88] hosp. time 25 (n) 24 (n) CT​2​ Gérain (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.26-0.97] no recov. 22 (n) 24 (n) CT​2​ Ahmadi (DB RCT) 58% 0.42 [0.17-1.01] oxygen 5/29 16/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.11-0.96] no recov. 29 (n) 39 (n) Ahmadi (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.15-1.74] no recov. 3/29 8/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) -34% 1.34 [0.09-20.6] no recov. 1/29 1/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 58% 0.42 [0.17-1.01] no recov. 5/29 16/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 78% 0.22 [0.01-4.47] no recov. 0/29 2/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.18-0.72] no recov. 7/29 26/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.84] no recov. 0/29 6/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) -9% 1.09 [0.71-1.66] no recov. 17/29 21/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.42-1.91] no recov. 8/29 12/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 10% 0.90 [0.16-5.02] no recov. 2/29 3/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.02-8.64] no recov. 0/29 1/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT) -234% 3.34 [0.14-79.3] no recov. 1/29 0/39 Bejan 59% 0.41 [0.17-1.00] hosp. 148 (n) 9,600 (n) Shehab 42% 0.58 [0.14-2.32] severe case 2/32 24/221 Nimer 31% 0.69 [0.45-1.04] hosp. 29/329 179/1,819 Nimer 13% 0.87 [0.61-1.24] severe case 40/329 211/1,819 Curcumin COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors curcumin Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.