Supplementary Data — Curcumin reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 28 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 44V44 (V1 2021)
c19early.org
October 2026

Curcumin COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Saber-Moghaddam94%0.06 · 0.00–0.93progression0/218/20 Saber-Moghaddam38%0.62 · 0.39–0.96no recov.11/2117/20 Saber-Moghaddam45%0.55 · 0.39–0.79hosp. time21 (n)20 (n) Aldwihi31%0.69 · 0.43–1.04hosp.30/144207/594 Pawar (DB RCT)82%0.18 · 0.04–0.79death2/7011/70OT1 Pawar (DB RCT)60%0.40 · 0.09–1.75death2/155/15OT1 Pawar (DB RCT)91%0.09 · 0.01–1.56death0/255/25OT1 Pawar (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.87death0/301/30OT1 Ahmadi (DB RCT)86%0.14 · 0.01–2.65hosp.0/303/30 Ahmadi (DB RCT)21%0.79 · 0.48–1.31recov. time30 (n)30 (n) Sankhe (RCT)89%0.11 · 0.01–2.03death0/874/87CT2 Sankhe (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.03–2.19ventilation1/874/87CT2 Sankhe (RCT)46%0.54 · 0.35–0.76no recov.29/8760/87CT2 Sankhe (RCT)10%0.90 · 0.71–1.15hosp. time87 (n)87 (n)CT2 Majeed (DB RCT)66%0.34 · 0.01–8.09ventilation0/451/47CT2 Majeed (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.01–4.13hosp.0/452/47CT2 Majeed (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.39–0.84no recov.45 (n)47 (n)CT2 Majeed (DB RCT)25%0.75 · 0.56–1.01no recov.26/4536/47CT2 Majeed (DB RCT)6%0.94 · 0.80–1.10viral time45 (n)47 (n)CT2 Khan (RCT)33%0.67 · 0.37–1.19no recov.10/2515/25CT2 Khan (RCT)39%0.61 · 0.43–0.87no recov.25 (n)25 (n)CT2 Khan (RCT)50%0.50 · 0.30–0.84viral+10/2520/25CT2 Askari (DB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.43–1.25no recov.13 (n)13 (n) Askari (DB RCT)−125%2.25 · 0.30–16.63no recov.3/81/6 Askari (DB RCT)−433%5.33 · 0.30–93.31no recov.2/60/7 Askari (DB RCT)73%0.27 · 0.07–1.03no recov.2/128/13 Askari (DB RCT)40%0.60 · 0.20–1.77no recov.3/107/14 Askari (DB RCT)38%0.62 · 0.21–1.79no recov.4/134/8 Askari (DB RCT)−71%1.71 · 0.20–14.55no recov.2/71/6 Askari (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.07–11.54no recov.1/81/7 Askari (DB RCT)0%1.00 · 0.25–4.07no recov.3/133/13 Chitre (DB RCT)11%0.89 · 0.79–0.99recov. time89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)11%0.89 · 0.78–1.02no recov.70/8976/86CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)20%0.80 · 0.64–1.00no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)20%0.80 · 0.62–1.04no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)14%0.86 · 0.70–1.05no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)15%0.85 · 0.67–1.06no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)8%0.92 · 0.75–1.12no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.66–1.06no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.66–1.05no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)18%0.82 · 0.65–1.03no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)25%0.75 · 0.54–1.04no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)18%0.82 · 0.66–1.01no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.69–1.01no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Chitre (DB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.65–1.06no recov.89 (n)86 (n)CT2 Din Ujjan (RCT)29%0.71 · 0.50–1.03no recov.15/2521/25CT2 Din Ujjan (RCT)71%0.29 · 0.14–0.59no recov.6/2521/25CT2 Din Ujjan (RCT)77%0.23 · 0.07–0.71no recov.3/2513/25CT2 Din Ujjan (RCT)86%0.14 · 0.01–2.63no recov.0/253/25CT2 Din Ujjan (RCT)91%0.09 · 0.01–1.56viral+0/255/25CT2 Din Ujjan (RCT)74%0.26 · 0.12–0.59viral+5/2519/25CT2 Kishimoto (DB RCT)47%0.53 · 0.10–2.90progression2/714/67 Alcântara37%0.63 · 0.16–2.41hosp.3/586/73CURCOVID Alcântara−26%1.26 · 0.47–3.38misc.7/587/73CURCOVID Alcântara37%0.63 · 0.51–0.78no recov.58 (n)73 (n)CURCOVID Alcântara37%0.63 · 0.51–0.78no recov.58 (n)73 (n)CURCOVID Valizadeh (DB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.18–1.40death4/208/20 Tahmasebi (DB RCT)83%0.17 · 0.02–1.32death1/406/40 Tahmasebi (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.72death0/201/20 Tahmasebi (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.03–1.56death1/205/20 Hassania.. (DB RCT)−46%1.46 · 0.01–329SpO2 imp.20 (n)20 (n) Asadirad (RCT)26%0.74 · 0.26–2.12death5/276/24 Asadirad (RCT)50%0.50 · 0.14–1.82progression3/306/30 Asadirad (RCT)45%0.55 · 0.27–1.09no recov.8/2713/24 Asadirad (RCT)29%0.71 · 0.22–2.35no recov.4/275/24 Asadirad (RCT)41%0.59 · 0.25–1.42no recov.6/279/24 Asadirad (RCT)37%0.63 · 0.23–1.74no recov.5/277/24 Asadirad (RCT)20%0.80 · 0.58–1.10no recov.18/2720/24 Kartika41%0.59 · 0.35–1.00hosp. time139 (n)107 (n) Hartono (RCT)53%0.47 · 0.32–0.68viral+14/3030/30CT2 Hartono (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.09–0.66viral+4/3016/30CT2 Hartono (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.87viral+0/301/30CT2 Thomas (DB RCT)44%0.56 · 0.34–0.91improv.74 (n)73 (n)Phyto-VLONG COVID CT2 Thomas (DB RCT)82%0.18 · 0.07–0.47improv.74 (n)73 (n)Phyto-VLONG COVID CT2 Thomas (DB RCT)64%0.36 · 0.16–0.84improv.74 (n)73 (n)Phyto-VLONG COVID CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)86%0.14 · 0.01–2.71death0/603/60CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)86%0.14 · 0.01–2.71ventilation0/603/60CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.04–3.11ICU1/603/60CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)10%0.90 · 0.71–1.15hosp. time45 (n)45 (n)CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)17%0.83 · 0.63–1.10hosp. time15 (n)15 (n)CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)32%0.68 · 0.54–0.86recov. time45 (n)45 (n)CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)36%0.64 · 0.49–0.83recov. time45 (n)45 (n)CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)4%0.96 · 0.75–1.23recov. time15 (n)15 (n)CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)−5%1.05 · 0.99–1.11recov. time15 (n)15 (n)CT2 Sankhe (SB RCT)44%0.56 · 0.38–0.81viral load44 (n)43 (n)CT2 Hellou (DB RCT)77%0.23 · 0.06–0.95NEWS233 (n)17 (n)CT2 Hellou (DB RCT)92%0.08 · 0.00–1.38oxygen0/334/17CT2 Hellou (DB RCT)70%0.30 · 0.05–1.67oxygen time33 (n)17 (n)CT2 Hellou (DB RCT)13%0.87 · 0.07–10.60hosp. time33 (n)17 (n)CT2 Hellou (DB RCT)10%0.90 · 0.47–1.71viral+14/338/17CT2 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT)71%0.29 · 0.06–1.26death2/307/30 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT)86%0.14 · 0.02–1.06no recov.1/286/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–1.79no recov.0/284/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT)38%0.62 · 0.32–1.20no recov.9/2812/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT)59%0.41 · 0.12–1.46no recov.3/286/23 Abbaspour-A.. (RCT)82%0.18 · 0.01–3.65no recov.0/282/23 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)92%0.08 · 0.00–1.28progression0/216/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)25%0.75 · 0.62–0.93hosp. time21 (n)21 (n) Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)68%0.33 · 0.21–0.49no recov.21 (n)21 (n) Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.04–2.95no recov.1/213/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.03–1.57no recov.1/215/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)86%0.14 · 0.02–1.06no recov.1/217/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.01–3.93no recov.0/212/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)75%0.25 · 0.03–2.05no recov.1/214/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)75%0.25 · 0.03–2.05no recov.1/214/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.74no recov.0/211/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.05–5.10no recov.1/212/21 Sadeghiz.. (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.74no recov.0/211/21 Gérain (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.70death0/251/24CT2 Gérain (RCT)91%0.09 · 0.01–1.53death/ICU0/255/24CT2 Gérain (RCT)89%0.11 · 0.01–1.92ventilation0/254/24CT2 Gérain (RCT)89%0.11 · 0.01–1.92ICU0/254/24CT2 Gérain (RCT)73%0.27 · 0.06–1.19no disch.2/257/24CT2 Gérain (RCT)59%0.41 · 0.19–0.89no disch.6/2514/24CT2 Gérain (RCT)38%0.62 · 0.44–0.88hosp. time25 (n)24 (n)CT2 Gérain (RCT)50%0.50 · 0.26–0.97no recov.22 (n)24 (n)CT2 Ahmadi (DB RCT)58%0.42 · 0.17–1.01oxygen5/2916/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.11–0.96no recov.29 (n)39 (n) Ahmadi (DB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.15–1.74no recov.3/298/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)−34%1.34 · 0.09–20.62no recov.1/291/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)58%0.42 · 0.17–1.01no recov.5/2916/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)78%0.22 · 0.01–4.47no recov.0/292/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)64%0.36 · 0.18–0.72no recov.7/2926/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)91%0.09 · 0.01–1.49no recov.0/296/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)−9%1.09 · 0.71–1.66no recov.17/2921/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)10%0.90 · 0.42–1.91no recov.8/2912/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)10%0.90 · 0.16–5.02no recov.2/293/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)64%0.36 · 0.02–8.64no recov.0/291/39 Ahmadi (DB RCT)−234%3.34 · 0.14–79.27no recov.1/290/39 Bejan59%0.41 · 0.17–1.00hosp.148 (n)9,600 (n) Shehab42%0.58 · 0.14–2.32severe case2/3224/221 Nimer31%0.69 · 0.45–1.04hosp.29/329179/1,819 Nimer13%0.87 · 0.61–1.24severe case40/329211/1,819
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
2 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Curcumin
reduces riskCurcumin
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.