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26 probiotics COVID-19 controlled studies, 14 RCTs
36% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.64
[0.54-0.76]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Haran (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-8.16]
death
0/174
1/176
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Haran (RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.08-2.06]
hosp.
2/174
5/176
Haran (RCT)
50%
0.50 [0.21-1.20]
hosp./ER/UC
7/169
15/181
Haran (RCT)
20%
0.80 [0.61-1.04]
recov. time
169 (n)
172 (n)
Gutiérre.. (DB RCT)
35%
0.65 [0.53-0.80]
no recov.
69/147
105/146
Veterini
29%
0.71 [0.41-1.22]
viral time
15 (n)
15 (n)
Navarro-Ló.. (RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.43-1.05]
no recov.
14/24
13/15
Navarro-Ló.. (RCT)
53%
0.47 [0.20-1.08]
no recov.
6/24
8/15
Navarro-Ló.. (RCT)
20%
0.80 [0.65-0.98]
recovery
24 (n)
15 (n)
Navarro-Ló.. (RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.54-1.01]
recovery
24 (n)
15 (n)
Hassan (RCT)
80%
0.20 [0.02-1.65]
hosp.
1/50
5/50
Hassan (RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.56-1.21]
no recov.
23/50
28/50
Kolesnyk (DB RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.18-0.90]
no recov.
6/34
16/36
Kolesnyk (DB RCT)
21%
0.79 [0.63-0.98]
recov. time
34 (n)
36 (n)
Kolesnyk (DB RCT)
68%
0.32 [0.13-0.78]
PASC
5/34
16/35
d'Ettorre
87%
0.13 [0.01-2.33]
death
0/28
4/42
d'Ettorre
77%
0.23 [0.01-4.63]
ventilation
0/28
2/42
d'Ettorre
88%
0.12 [0.02-0.61]
progression
28 (n)
42 (n)
Ceccarelli
64%
0.36 [0.18-0.68]
death
10/88
34/112
Ceccarelli
15%
0.85 [0.48-1.50]
ICU
16/88
24/112
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.75-1.06]
recov. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT1
Shah (RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.76-1.05]
hosp. time
30 (n)
30 (n)
CT1
Shah (RCT)
83%
0.17 [0.04-0.68]
no recov.
2/30
12/30
CT1
Shah (RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.80-1.16]
no recov.
26/30
27/30
CT1
Li
-12%
1.12 [0.74-1.69]
no disch.
30/123
41/188
Li
-60%
1.60 [1.21-2.11]
no disch.
123 (n)
188 (n)
Li
-35%
1.35 [1.13-1.62]
viral time
123 (n)
188 (n)
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.77-0.96]
hosp. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Zhang
14%
0.86 [0.75-0.98]
recov. time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Zhang
17%
0.83 [0.75-0.93]
viral time
150 (n)
150 (n)
Ceccarelli
70%
0.30 [0.01-7.02]
death
0/40
1/29
Ceccarelli
82%
0.18 [0.02-1.54]
ICU
1/40
4/29
Ivashkin (RCT)
-2%
1.02 [0.26-3.97]
death
4/99
4/101
Ivashkin (RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.23-2.95]
ventilation
4/99
5/101
Ivashkin (RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.24-2.22]
ICU
5/99
7/101
Ivashkin (RCT)
5%
0.95 [0.84-1.08]
recov. time
99 (n)
101 (n)
Zhang
65%
0.35 [0.02-8.30]
ventilation
0/25
1/30
Zhang
67%
0.33 [0.10-1.05]
antibody
3/25
11/30
Saviano (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.95]
death
0/40
1/40
Saviano (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.01-2.68]
ICU
0/40
3/40
Saviano (RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.30-1.83]
hosp. time
40 (n)
40 (n)
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.03-1.93]
death
1/21
3/14
Trinchieri
78%
0.22 [0.09-0.55]
misc.
4/21
12/14
Trinchieri
10%
0.90 [0.76-1.08]
misc.
19/21
14/14
Di Pierro (RCT)
62%
0.38 [0.11-1.25]
death
3/25
8/25
Di Pierro (RCT)
0%
1.00 [0.45-2.24]
ICU
8/25
8/25
Louca
8%
0.92 [0.85-0.99]
cases
population-based cohort
Di Pierro (RCT)
98%
0.02 [0.00-0.33]
cases
0/64
24/64
COVIDENCE UK
Holt
30%
0.70 [0.45-1.10]
cases
20/909
426/14,318
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
73%
0.27 [0.03-2.25]
symp. case
1/29
4/31
Ahanchian (DB RCT)
85%
0.15 [0.01-2.73]
cases
0/29
3/31
PROTECT-EHC
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.38-1.17]
m/s case
16/91
24/91
PROTECT-EHC
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.41-0.93]
symp. case
24/91
39/91
PROTECT-EHC
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
27%
0.73 [0.37-1.45]
recov. time
91 (n)
91 (n)
PROTECT-EHC
Wischme.. (DB RCT)
43%
0.57 [0.25-1.30]
cases
8/91
14/91
Rodrigue.. (DB RCT)
9%
0.91 [0.12-6.70]
cases
2/127
2/128
Catinean
40%
0.60 [0.41-0.88]
recovery
60 (n)
60 (n)
Catinean
38%
0.62 [0.42-0.93]
fever
60 (n)
60 (n)
Di Pierro
78%
0.22 [0.07-0.67]
cases
186 (n)
101 (n)
Sarlin (DB RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.11-3.98]
cases
2/413
3/414
Probiotics COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
April 2024
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors probiotics
Favors control
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