Supplementary Data — Healthier diets reduce COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 30 studies

October 2026

Diet COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Mahto20%0.80 · 0.49–1.21IgG+23/20670/483 Naushin40%0.60 · 0.50–0.71seropositiven/an/a Kim72%0.28 · 0.10–0.82m/s case41 (n)527 (n) Kim59%0.41 · 0.16–0.99m/s case46 (n)522 (n) Kim19%0.81 · 0.56–1.15cases41 (n)527 (n) Kim23%0.77 · 0.55–1.08cases46 (n)522 (n) Merino41%0.59 · 0.47–0.74severe case148,142 (n)148,143 (n) Merino18%0.82 · 0.78–0.86cases148,142 (n)148,143 (n) Merino9%0.91 · 0.88–0.94cases148,142 (n)148,143 (n) Moludi92%0.08 · 0.05–0.19casesn/an/a Ahmadi−3%1.03 · 0.77–1.39death185/206,28662/75,264 Nguyen15%0.85 · 0.75–0.96symp. case345/1,054433/1,082 Yamamoto66%0.34 · 0.13–0.85cases4/2019/32 Magaña53%0.47 · 0.22–0.99death58 (n)31 (n) Jagielski82%0.18 · 0.04–0.65cases4/409/20 Perez-Araluce78%0.22 · 0.03–1.77severe case1/1,10310/3,300 Perez-Araluce15%0.85 · 0.62–1.15symp. case52/1,103214/3,300 Perez-Araluce20%0.80 · 0.60–1.07cases58/1,103248/3,300 Firoozi65%0.35 · 0.28–0.43casescase-control studyper unit E-DII change Hou72%0.28 · 0.04–1.95severe case1/2278/487 Hou11%0.89 · 0.58–1.36m/s case11/22273/487 Hou74%0.26 · 0.02–3.97severe case0/947/127 Hou35%0.65 · 0.36–1.18m/s case5/9108/127 Zargarzadeh77%0.23 · 0.11–0.50severe case89 (n)80 (n) Yue19%0.81 · 0.69–0.94casesn/an/a Yue21%0.79 · 0.67–0.94casesn/an/a Yue29%0.71 · 0.61–0.83casesn/an/a Yue12%0.88 · 0.76–1.02casesn/an/a Zhou16%0.84 · 0.78–0.91cases1,321/10,2541,935/10,253 Ebrahimzadeh69%0.31 · 0.14–0.68severe casen/an/a Ebrahimzadeh56%0.44 · 0.18–1.06hosp.n/an/a Ebrahimzadeh68%0.32 · 0.15–0.68no recov.n/an/a Tadbir Vajargah67%0.33 · 0.16–0.69severe case83 (n)83 (n) Tadbir Vajargah72%0.28 · 0.14–0.58severe case83 (n)83 (n) Tadbir Vajargah75%0.25 · 0.12–0.53severe case83 (n)83 (n) Reis75%0.25 · 0.12–0.52hosp.17/38021/166 Zhao24%0.76 · 0.53–1.09death39,230 (n)39,231 (n) Zhao30%0.70 · 0.50–0.99death39,230 (n)39,231 (n) Zhao28%0.72 · 0.60–0.86severe case39,230 (n)39,231 (n) Zhao29%0.71 · 0.60–0.85severe case39,230 (n)39,231 (n) Zhao15%0.85 · 0.81–0.91cases39,230 (n)39,231 (n) Zhao9%0.91 · 0.85–0.96cases39,230 (n)39,231 (n) Mohajeri25%0.75 · 0.63–0.88progression62/105392/495 Mohajeri51%0.49 · 0.40–0.60progression50/105482/495 Mohajeri70%0.30 · 0.21–0.43progression23/105365/495 Mohajeri−10%1.10 · 1.03–1.17progression98/105421/495 Mohajeri53%0.47 · 0.36–0.61progression38/105380/495 Mohajeri26%0.74 · 0.58–0.94progression44/105280/495 Wang9%0.91 · 0.72–1.14PASC124/318218/480LONG COVID Wang49%0.51 · 0.33–0.78PASC188 (n)66 (n)LONG COVID Zamanian81%0.19 · 0.07–0.55hosp.case-control study Barania Adabi99%0.01 · 0.00–0.21ICU0/12537/125 Barania Adabi98%0.02 · 0.00–0.31ICU0/12526/125 Aghajani88%0.12 · 0.04–0.29severe casecase-control study Wang45%0.55 · 0.29–1.03severe case81 (n)67 (n) Wang32%0.68 · 0.49–0.97viral+81 (n)67 (n) Micek70%0.30 · 0.07–1.13cases32 (n)21 (n) Pavlidou55%0.45 · 0.41–0.51cases2,609 (n)2,588 (n) Darand37%0.63 · 0.42–0.95cases113 (n)155 (n) Hawryłkowicz77%0.23 · 0.09–0.56hosp.183 (n)183 (n)
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← Healthier diets
reduce risk
Healthier diets
increase risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.