Supplementary Data — Healthier diets reduce COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 30 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 36V36
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Mahto 20% 0.80 [0.49-1.21] IgG+ 23/206 70/483 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Naushin 40% 0.60 [0.50-0.71] seropositive n/a n/a Kim 72% 0.28 [0.10-0.82] m/s case 41 (n) 527 (n) Kim 59% 0.41 [0.16-0.99] m/s case 46 (n) 522 (n) Kim 19% 0.81 [0.56-1.15] cases 41 (n) 527 (n) Kim 23% 0.77 [0.55-1.08] cases 46 (n) 522 (n) Merino 41% 0.59 [0.47-0.74] severe case 148,142 (n) 148,143 (n) Merino 18% 0.82 [0.78-0.86] cases 148,142 (n) 148,143 (n) Merino 9% 0.91 [0.88-0.94] cases 148,142 (n) 148,143 (n) Moludi 92% 0.08 [0.05-0.19] cases n/a n/a Ahmadi -3% 1.03 [0.77-1.39] death 185/206,286 62/75,264 Nguyen 15% 0.85 [0.75-0.96] symp. case 345/1,054 433/1,082 Yamamoto 66% 0.34 [0.13-0.85] cases 4/20 19/32 Magaña 53% 0.47 [0.22-0.99] death 58 (n) 31 (n) Jagielski 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.65] cases 4/40 9/20 Perez-Araluce 78% 0.22 [0.03-1.77] severe case 1/1,103 10/3,300 Perez-Araluce 15% 0.85 [0.62-1.15] symp. case 52/1,103 214/3,300 Perez-Araluce 20% 0.80 [0.60-1.07] cases 58/1,103 248/3,300 Firoozi 65% 0.35 [0.28-0.43] cases case control per unit E-DII change Hou 72% 0.28 [0.04-1.95] severe case 1/22 78/487 Hou 11% 0.89 [0.58-1.36] m/s case 11/22 273/487 Hou 74% 0.26 [0.10-0.67] severe case 0/9 47/127 Hou 35% 0.65 [0.43-0.99] m/s case 5/9 108/127 Zargarzadeh 77% 0.23 [0.11-0.50] severe case 89 (n) 80 (n) Yue 19% 0.81 [0.69-0.94] cases n/a n/a Yue 21% 0.79 [0.67-0.94] cases n/a n/a Yue 29% 0.71 [0.61-0.83] cases n/a n/a Yue 12% 0.88 [0.76-1.02] cases n/a n/a Zhou 16% 0.84 [0.78-0.91] cases 1,321/10,254 1,935/10,253 Ebrahimzadeh 69% 0.31 [0.14-0.68] severe case n/a n/a Ebrahimzadeh 56% 0.44 [0.18-1.06] hosp. n/a n/a Ebrahimzadeh 68% 0.32 [0.15-0.68] no recov. n/a n/a Tadbir Vajargah 67% 0.33 [0.16-0.69] severe case 83 (n) 83 (n) Tadbir Vajargah 72% 0.28 [0.14-0.58] severe case 83 (n) 83 (n) Tadbir Vajargah 75% 0.25 [0.12-0.53] severe case 83 (n) 83 (n) Reis 75% 0.25 [0.12-0.52] hosp. 17/380 21/166 Zhao 24% 0.76 [0.53-1.09] death 39,230 (n) 39,231 (n) Zhao 30% 0.70 [0.50-0.99] death 39,230 (n) 39,231 (n) Zhao 28% 0.72 [0.60-0.86] severe case 39,230 (n) 39,231 (n) Zhao 29% 0.71 [0.60-0.85] severe case 39,230 (n) 39,231 (n) Zhao 15% 0.85 [0.81-0.91] cases 39,230 (n) 39,231 (n) Zhao 9% 0.91 [0.85-0.96] cases 39,230 (n) 39,231 (n) Mohajeri 25% 0.75 [0.63-0.88] progression 62/105 392/495 Mohajeri 51% 0.49 [0.40-0.60] progression 50/105 482/495 Mohajeri 70% 0.30 [0.21-0.43] progression 23/105 365/495 Mohajeri -10% 1.10 [1.03-1.17] progression 98/105 421/495 Mohajeri 53% 0.47 [0.36-0.61] progression 38/105 380/495 Mohajeri 26% 0.74 [0.58-0.94] progression 44/105 280/495 Wang 9% 0.91 [0.72-1.14] PASC 124/318 218/480 LONG COVID Wang 49% 0.51 [0.33-0.78] PASC 188 (n) 66 (n) LONG COVID Zamanian 81% 0.19 [0.07-0.55] hosp. case control Barania Adabi 99% 0.01 [0.00-0.21] ICU 0/125 37/125 Barania Adabi 98% 0.02 [0.00-0.31] ICU 0/125 26/125 Aghajani 88% 0.12 [0.04-0.29] severe case case control Wang 45% 0.55 [0.29-1.03] severe case 81 (n) 67 (n) Wang 32% 0.68 [0.49-0.97] viral+ 81 (n) 67 (n) Micek 70% 0.30 [0.07-1.13] cases 32 (n) 21 (n) Pavlidou 55% 0.45 [0.41-0.51] cases 2,609 (n) 2,588 (n) Darand 37% 0.63 [0.42-0.95] cases 113 (n) 155 (n) Hawryłkowicz 77% 0.23 [0.09-0.56] hosp. 183 (n) 183 (n) Diet COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 Favors healthy diet Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.