Blockade of endolysosomal acidification suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelial cells
et al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.031, Jun 2024
HCQ for COVID-19
1st treatment shown to reduce risk in
March 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 424 studies, used in 59 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols
combine treatments.
6,200+ studies for
200+ treatments. c19early.org
|
In vitro study showing that blocking endolysosomal acidification with bafilomycin A1, monensin, or niclosamide suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) stimulated with TLR3 agonists mimicking viral RNA. The inhibitors reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF, IL-8 and IL-1β at both mRNA and protein levels. The findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce excessive cytokine production in response to respiratory virus infection. HCQ is not used in this study but also blocks endolysosomal acidification and may have similar potential.
39 preclinical studies support the efficacy of HCQ for COVID-19:
Study covers niclosamide and HCQ.
1.
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4.
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5.
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8.
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9.
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11.
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12.
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13.
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15.
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16.
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17.
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Pejler et al., 19 Jun 2024, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.
Contact: aida.paivandy@uu.se.
In vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
Blockade of endolysosomal acidification suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelial cells
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.031
Background: Endolysosomal compartments are acidic and contain low pH-dependent proteases, and these conditions are exploited by respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, for escaping into the cytosol. Moreover, endolysosomes contain various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which respond to virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. However, excessive pro-inflammatory responses can lead to a potentially lethal cytokine storm. Objectives: Here we investigated the endosomal PRR expression profile in primary human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs), and whether blockade of endolysosomal acidification affects their cytokine/chemokine production after challenge with virus-derived stimulants. Methods: HSAECs were exposed to stimulants mimicking virus-derived PAMPs, either in the absence or presence of compounds causing blockade of endolysosomal acidification, followed by measurement of cytokine expression and release. Results: We show that toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is the major endosomal PRR expressed by HSAECs, and that TLR3 expression is strongly induced by TLR3 agonists, but not by a range of other PRR agonists. We also demonstrate that TLR3 engagement with its agonists elicits a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine response, which is profoundly suppressed through blockade of endolysosomal acidification, by bafilomycin A1, monensin, or niclosamide. Using TLR3 reporter cells, it was confirmed that TLR3 signaling is strongly induced by Poly(I:C) and that blockade of endolysosomal acidification efficiently blocked TLR3 signaling. Finally, we show that blockade of endolysosomal acidification causes a reduction in the levels of TLR3 mRNA and protein.
Conclusion: These findings show that blockade of endolysosomal acidification suppresses TLR3-dependent cytokine and chemokine production in HSAECs. Clinical implication: These findings may be exploited for therapeutic strategies aiming to ameliorate the cytokine storm in response to respiratory virus infection. Capsule summary. This study shows that blockade of endolysosomal acidification in human airway epithelial cells causes reduced TLR3 signaling and reduced output of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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