Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 21]], 'date-time': '2024-12-21T05:10:12Z', 'timestamp': 1734757812223, 'version': '3.32.0'}, 'reference-count': 328, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '12', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 18]], 'date-time': '2024-12-18T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1734480000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic medication, has emerged as a promising ' 'broad-spectrum antiviral agent due to its ability to modulate cellular pathways essential for ' 'viral replication. By activating AMPK, metformin depletes cellular energy reserves that ' 'viruses rely on, effectively limiting the replication of pathogens such as influenza, HIV, ' 'SARS-CoV-2, HBV, and HCV. Its role in inhibiting the mTOR pathway, crucial for viral protein ' 'synthesis and reactivation, is particularly significant in managing infections caused by HIV, ' 'CMV, and EBV. Furthermore, metformin reduces oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species ' '(ROS), which are critical for replicating arboviruses such as Zika and dengue. The drug also ' 'regulates immune responses, cellular differentiation, and inflammation, disrupting the life ' 'cycle of HPV and potentially other viruses. These diverse mechanisms suppress viral ' 'replication, enhance immune system functionality, and contribute to better clinical outcomes. ' 'This multifaceted approach highlights metformin’s potential as an adjunctive therapy in ' 'treating a wide range of viral infections.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/v16121938', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 18]], 'date-time': '2024-12-18T16:17:22Z', 'timestamp': 1734538642000}, 'page': '1938', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '16', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-7230', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Iryna', 'family': 'Halabitska', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Therapy and Family Medicine, I. Horbachevsky ' 'Ternopil National Medical University, Voli Square, 1, 46001 ' 'Ternopil, Ukraine'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-4445', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Pavlo', 'family': 'Petakh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National ' 'University, 88017 Uzhhorod, Ukraine'}]}, { 'given': 'Oleh', 'family': 'Lushchak', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London W12 0HS, UK'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4483-1856', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Iryna', 'family': 'Kamyshna', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil ' 'National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-3791', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Valentyn', 'family': 'Oksenych', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 ' 'Bergen, Norway'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-4436', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Oleksandr', 'family': 'Kamyshnyi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. ' 'Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 ' 'Ternopil, Ukraine'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 12, 18]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1907', 'DOI': '10.2147/DDDT.S409373', 'article-title': 'Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility ' 'Beyond Diabetes', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Dutta', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Drug Des. Dev. Ther.'}, { 'key': 'ref_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Amengual-Cladera, E., Morla-Barcelo, P.M., Morán-Costoya, A., ' 'Sastre-Serra, J., Pons, D.G., Valle, A., Roca, P., and Nadal-Serrano, M. ' '(2024). Metformin: From Diabetes to Cancer-Unveiling Molecular ' 'Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. 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