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Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology

Halma et al., Endocrine and Metabolic Science, doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100163

Jan 2024

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Metformin for COVID-19

3rd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 100 studies.

Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, ICU, hospitalization, progression, and recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.

5,200+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org

Review of autophagy pathways for treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology. Authors note that the spike protein is implicated in long COVID and post-vaccination syndrome through mechanisms like inflammation, vascular damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Authors discuss the mechanisms by which fasting and other interventions can upregulate autophagy to clear spike protein aggregates and improve mitochondrial function.

Reviews covering metformin for COVID-19 include1-7.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

1. Plowman et al., Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin in the Prevention of Inflammatory Complications and Infectious Diseases Including COVID-19: A Narrative Review, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms25105190.mdpi.com, doi.org.

2. De Jesús-González et al., A Dual Pharmacological Strategy against COVID-19: The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin and Atorvastatin, Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12020383.mdpi.com, doi.org.

3. Halma et al., Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology, Endocrine and Metabolic Science, doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100163.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

4. Zhang et al., SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Protein as a Therapeutic Target against COVID-19 and Long-Term Post-Infection Effects, Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens13010075.mdpi.com, doi.org.

5. Gomaa et al., Pharmacological evaluation of vitamin D in COVID-19 and long COVID-19: recent studies confirm clinical validation and highlight metformin to improve VDR sensitivity and efficacy, Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01383-x.springer.com, doi.org.

6. Petakh et al., Unveiling the potential pleiotropic effects of metformin in treating COVID-19: a comprehensive review, Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1260633.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

7. Tseng, K., Metformin and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A New Deal for an Old Drug, 內科學誌, doi:10.6314/JIMT.202308_34(4).04.org.tw, doi.org.

Halma et al., 30 Jan 2024, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. Contact: matt@worldcouncilforhealth.org, pmarik@flccc.net, dr.saleeby@carolinaholisticmedicine.com.

This Paper Metformin All

Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology

Matthew T J Halma, Paul E Marik, Yusuf M Saleeby

Endocrine and Metabolic Science, doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100163

Fasting, a practice with historical roots in various cultures, has recently garnered significant interest in the field of medicine. In this article, we delve into the mechanisms underlying fasting-induced autophagy and its therapeutic applications for spike protein associated pathology. We explore the therapeutic potential of fasting on spike protein-related pathology and the role of interventions to upregulate autophagy, including compounds like spermidine, resveratrol, rapamycin, and metformin. In conclusion, fasting, coupled with an understanding of its nuances, holds promise as a therapeutic intervention for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein related diseases; with broad implications for human health. This review presents the therapeutic possibility of using autophagy to treat spike protein related diseases, and details the interventions to deploy this therapeutic modality.

Institutional review board statement Not applicable. CRediT authorship contribution Declaration of competing interest M.T.J.H. is a member of the World Council for Health, a non-profit health advocacy organization. P.E.M. is the founder of the Frontline Covid-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC). Y.M.S. is the medical director for Carolina Holistic Medicine and a member of the FLCCC.

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