Supplementary Data — Famotidine reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 29 studies

October 2026

Famotidine COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Brennan (DB RCT)48%0.52 · 0.20–1.32no recov.5/2710/28 Brennan (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.21–1.55no recov.4/1910/27 Brennan (DB RCT)28%0.72 · 0.56–0.92recov. time27 (n)28 (n) Shoaibi−3%1.03 · 0.89–1.18death1,816 (n)26,820 (n) Shoaibi−3%1.03 · 0.92–1.15death/ICU1,816 (n)26,820 (n) Zhou (PSM)−84%1.84 · 1.16–2.92severe case72/519198/2,595 Yeramaneni−59%1.59 · 0.94–2.71death410 (n)746 (n) Mura (PSM)21%0.79 · 0.65–0.96death563 (n)563 (n) Mura (PSM)37%0.63 · 0.47–0.83death305 (n)305 (n) Samim.. (SB RCT)33%0.67 · 0.45–0.98hosp. time10 (n)10 (n) Samim.. (SB RCT)0%1.00 · 0.42–2.40no recov.5/105/10 Samim.. (SB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.17–1.46no recov.3/106/10 Elhadi (ICU)7%0.93 · 0.73–1.17death34/60247/405ICU patients Taşdemir45%0.55 · 0.20–1.55death5/8510/94OT1 Taşdemir37%0.63 · 0.28–1.43ICU8/8514/94OT1 Taşdemir18%0.82 · 0.72–0.93hosp. time85 (n)94 (n)OT1 Taşdemir20%0.80 · 0.65–0.99recov. time85 (n)94 (n)OT1 Kuno (PSM)0%1.00 · 0.86–1.17death1,593 (n)7,972 (n) Stolow−519%6.19 · 2.10–18.25death137 (n)352 (n) Stolow−2390%24.90 · 3.70–168ICU137 (n)352 (n) Wagner64%0.36 · 0.24–0.50death82/638182/819 Wagner6%0.94 · 0.61–1.41ventilation48/63875/819 Pahwani (RCT)11%0.89 · 0.36–2.20death8/899/89 Pahwani (RCT)12%0.88 · 0.53–1.45ventilation21/8924/89 Pahwani (RCT)10%0.90 · 0.51–1.58ICU18/8920/89 Pahwani (RCT)17%0.83 · 0.79–0.89hosp. time89 (n)89 (n) Pahwani (RCT)10%0.90 · 0.85–0.96recov. time89 (n)89 (n) Siraj36%0.64 · 0.48–0.83death183/711122/289 Chowdhury (RCT)16%0.84 · 0.54–1.31death26/10431/104ICU patients Chowdhury (RCT)9%0.91 · 0.75–1.10ICU78 (n)73 (n)ICU patients Chowdhury (RCT)33%0.67 · 0.58–0.78no improv.78 (n)73 (n)ICU patients Chowdhury (RCT)7%0.93 · 0.84–1.03recov. time78 (n)73 (n)ICU patients Chowdhury (RCT)17%0.83 · 0.72–0.96hosp. time78 (n)73 (n)ICU patients Chowdhury (RCT)13%0.87 · 0.80–0.95viral time78 (n)73 (n)ICU patients Özden (ICU)29%0.71 · 0.45–1.13death14/3019/29ICU patients Özden (ICU)−1%1.01 · 0.76–1.34ventilation23/3022/29ICU patients Özden (ICU)−33%1.33 · 0.80–2.23ventilation time30 (n)29 (n)ICU patients Özden (ICU)26%0.74 · 0.26–2.16ICU30 (n)29 (n)ICU patients Shamsi75%0.25 · 0.04–1.78death1/2723/156 Mehrizi19%0.81 · 0.79–0.83deathpopulation-based cohort Freedberg (PSM)57%0.43 · 0.21–0.86death/int.8/84332/1,536 Mather (PSM)61%0.39 · 0.20–0.74death83 (n)689 (n) Mather (PSM)50%0.49 · 0.31–0.79death/int.83 (n)689 (n) Balouch22%0.78 · 0.36–1.51symp. case18/8049/227 Balouch37%0.63 · 0.26–1.54recov. time80 (n)227 (n) Yeramaneni51%0.49 · 0.16–1.52death351 (n)6,807 (n) Cheung−34%1.34 · 0.24–6.06severe case23 (n)929 (n) Fung0%1.00 · 0.96–1.04deathpopulation-based cohort Fung6%0.94 · 0.91–0.97hosp.population-based cohort Fung−12%1.12 · 1.10–1.15casespopulation-based cohort Razjouyan27%0.73 · 0.59–0.92death93 (n)9,981 (n) Wallace−11%1.11 · 0.89–1.35death98/4231,436/7,521 MacFadden7%0.93 · 0.84–1.03casesn/an/a Loucera18%0.82 · 0.59–1.15death207 (n)15,761 (n) Kim (PSM)36%0.64 · 0.51–0.80cases105/5,594480/15,432 Kwon−107%2.07 · 0.96–4.47progression204 (n)204 (n) Kwon−256%3.56 · 1.03–12.28progression204 (n)204 (n) Kwon−109%2.09 · 0.94–4.61oxygen204 (n)204 (n)
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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← Famotidine
reduces risk
Famotidine
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.