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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Real-world evidence for improved outcomes with histamine antagonists and aspirin in 22,560 COVID-19 patients

Mura et al., Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00689-y (date from preprint)
Mar 2021  
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Mortality 21% Improvement Relative Risk Mortality (b) 37% Famotidine for COVID-19  Mura et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with famotidine beneficial for COVID-19? PSM retrospective 1,126 patients in multiple countries Lower mortality with famotidine (p=0.017) c19early.org Mura et al., Signal Transduction and T.., Mar 2021 Favorsfamotidine Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Famotidine for COVID-19
26th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2021, now with p = 0.00028 from 30 studies, recognized in 2 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19early.org
PSM retrospective TriNetX database analysis of 1,379 severe COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support, showing lower mortality with aspirin (not reaching statistical significance) and famotidine, and improved results from the combination of both.
Study covers antihistamine H1RAs, famotidine, and aspirin.
risk of death, 20.9% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.02, treatment 563, control 563, odds ratio converted to relative risk, famotidine only, control prevalence approximated with treatment prevalence, propensity score matching.
risk of death, 37.3% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.001, treatment 305, control 305, odds ratio converted to relative risk, famotidine and aspirin, control prevalence approximated with treatment prevalence, propensity score matching.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Mura et al., 31 Mar 2021, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
This PaperFamotidineAll
Abstract: Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy LETTER www.nature.com/sigtrans OPEN 1234567890();,: Real-world evidence for improved outcomes with histamine antagonists and aspirin in 22,560 COVID-19 patients Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2021)6:267 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00689-y Dear Editor, The COVID-19 pandemic has driven great interest in the therapeutic potential of repurposed drugs with well-established benefits and safety profiles (toxicity, bioavailability, etc.), many of which act via signal transduction pathways. One category of such drugs is those that reduce acid production in gastroenterological contexts. Acid-suppressing drugs belong to two main classes, based on their mechanisms of action: (i) proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) sterically block H+/K+-ATPase pumps, impeding the final step of acid release in the gastric mucosa. (ii) Histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) competitively bind the H2R, a type of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR),1 and block the natural stimulation of its downstream signal transduction cascade by histamine; famotidine (e.g., Pepcid®) and ranitidine (e.g., Zantac®) are exemplary H2RAs. A dense web of functional linkages exists between histamine and H2RAs, on the one hand, and disparate physiological pathways on the other hand. These downstream signaling pathways include gastrointestinal systems (acid reduction) as well as the dysregulated inflammatory cascades (cytokine storm) that likely underlie much of the pathophysiology of COVID-19.1 The mechanistic basis of a putative role of famotidine in COVID-19 likely involves its roles as an H2RA versus, for instance, direct binding to the viral protease 3CLpro (and resultant inhibition), as had been originally suspected from molecular docking studies. Given its many possible mechanistic and regulatory linkages to signal transduction pathways, is famotidine beneficial in treating COVID-19, as gauged by outcomes involving either (i) infection transmissibility, (ii) disease severity indicators (e.g., likelihood of cases reaching the point of ventilation, WHO severity index), or (iii) mortality rates? This question remains unresolved, though not for lack of effort: since a pioneering report2 of positive clinical outcomes with famotidine use in COVID-19, over 10 studies have considered the potential therapeutic benefits of famotidine. As we recently reviewed,3 many of these reports concluded in favor of famotidine use, others found little to no association between famotidine (or PPIs) and 30-day mortality, and a recent study found a negative association for both PPIs and famotidine. These independent studies have been retrospective and observational; most were cohort-based, with some as case-series (e.g., symptom tracking across longitudinal data); most evaluated inpatient cases; and most attempted to account for confounders and other biases (e.g., via propensity-score matching). Given the conflicting reports thus far, particularly the evidence suggesting a beneficial impact of famotidine on mortality and overall disease progression (e.g., mechanical ventilation), we have undertaken the new analysis reported herein. Note that all three parallel tracks of findings—those indicating for and against famotidine, as well as neutral (i.e., no association)— rest upon substantially smaller datasets than were drawn upon in the present work. Are any beneficial effects of famotidine detectable on population-wide, international scales? Is it synergistic..
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Late treatment
is less effective
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