Impact of Zinc, Vitamins C and D on Disease Prognosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14235029", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235029", "abstract": "<jats:p>Vitamin C, (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and zinc (zinc sulfate monohydrate) supplements are important in immunity against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, a limited number of studies have been conducted on the association of vitamins and supplements with the reduced risks of COVID-19 infection. This study aims to evaluate the association of vitamins and supplements as treatment options to reduce the severity of COVID-19. Data were collected from 962 participants from 13 December 2020 to 4 February 2021. The presence of COVID-19 was confirmed by qRT-PCR. The Chi-square test and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. The ratio of uptake of vitamin C:vitamin D:zinc was 1:1:0.95. Uptake of vitamin C, vitamin D and zinc were significantly associated with the reduced risk of infection and severity of COVID-19 (OR: 0.006 (95% CI: 0.03–0.11) (p = 0.004)) and (OR: 0.03 (95% CI: 0.01–0.22) (p = 0.005)). The tendency of taking supplements was associated with the presence of infection of COVID-19 (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.02), sex (p = 0.05) and residence (p = 0.04). The duration of supplementation and medication was significantly associated with reduced hospitalization (p = 0.0001). Vitamins C, D and zinc were not significantly (p = 0.9) associated with a reduced risk of severity when taken through the diet. Hospitalization (p = 0.000001) and access to health facilities (p = 0.0097) were significantly associated with the survival period of the participants. Participants with better access to health facilities recovered early (OR: 6.21, 95% CI 1.56–24.7). This study will add knowledge in the field of treatment of COVID-19 by using vitamins and zinc supplements.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu14235029" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-9726", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Sharif", "given": "Nadim", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-1509", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Opu", "given": "Rubayet Rayhan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Khan", "given": "Afsana", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-0106", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alzahrani", "given": "Khalid J.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-5438", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Banjer", "given": "Hamsa Jameel", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-5214", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Alzahrani", "given": "Fuad M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Haque", "given": "Nusaira", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Khan", "given": "Shahriar", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2595-2070", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Soumik", "given": "Saimum Tahreef", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-4967", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Zhang", "given": "Ming", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Huang", "given": "Hanwen", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Song", "given": "Xiao", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0246-3872", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Parvez", "given": "Anowar Khasru", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-5673", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Dey", "given": "Shuvra Kanti", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 11, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2022-11-28T12:01:30Z", "timestamp": 1669636890000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 11, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2022-11-28T12:46:30Z", "timestamp": 1669639590000 }, "funder": [ { "award": [ "TURSP-2020/128" ], "name": "Taif University Researchers Supporting Program" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 11, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2023-11-16T02:45:38Z", "timestamp": 1700102738880 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 5, "issue": "23", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 11, 26 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "23", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 11, 26 ] ], "date-time": "2022-11-26T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1669420800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/23/5029/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "5029", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 11, 26 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 11, 26 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "key": "ref_1", "unstructured": "(2022, August 13). 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