Effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2025.1559471", "ISSN": [ "2296-861X" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1559471", "abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D is suggested as a supportive therapy to reduce the severity of COVID-19 due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effect on critical outcomes, such as ICU admissions and mortality, shows significant variation across randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>To summarize the influence of vitamin D supplementation on ICU admissions and mortality among COVID-19 patients.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 21 eligible studies were retrieved using a comprehensive search from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. A citation matrix was developed, revealing a Corrected Covered Area (CCA) of 0.54, indicating moderate overlap. Fixed-effects models were applied to data with low heterogeneity (ICU admissions: Q = 10.87, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.33), while random-effects models were used for mortality outcomes (Q = 27.23, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.006). Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) quantified the overall effects.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a significant 38% reduction in ICU admissions (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.54–0.71) and a 33% reduction in mortality risk (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.56–0.79). The benefit was pronounced in vitamin D-deficient populations, although heterogeneity in mortality outcomes highlighted variability across studies.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>While these findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may help reduce ICU admissions and mortality among COVID-19 patients—particularly in those with vitamin D deficiency—the results should be interpreted with caution. The observed variability and potential confounding factors underscore the need for further large-scale, randomized controlled trials with standardized dosing protocols before definitive clinical recommendations can be made.</jats:p></jats:sec>", "alternative-id": [ "10.3389/fnut.2025.1559471" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Petakh", "given": "Pavlo", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kamyshna", "given": "Iryna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Halabitska", "given": "Iryna", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kamyshnyi", "given": "Oleksandr", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Frontiers in Nutrition", "container-title-short": "Front. Nutr.", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "frontiersin.org" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2025-06-13T05:51:07Z", "timestamp": 1749793867000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2025-06-13T05:51:08Z", "timestamp": 1749793868000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2025-06-14T04:03:44Z", "timestamp": 1749873824752, "version": "3.41.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6, 13 ] ] }, "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 6, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2025-06-13T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1749772800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1559471/full", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1965", 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