Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Results
Abstract
All metformin studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchMetforminMetformin (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Han et al., Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002, PROSPERO CRD42020221951
Feb 2022  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Mortality, adjusted results 27% Improvement Relative Risk Metformin for COVID-19  Han et al.  META ANALYSIS c19early.org Favorsmetformin Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Metformin for COVID-19
3rd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 97 studies.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19early.org
Meta analysis of 31 studies (23 for metformin) showing metformin was associated with significantly lower mortality and poor composite outcomes in diabetic COVID-19 patients. DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylurea/glinides, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and GLP-1RA were not associated with increased mortality risk. Subgroup analysis found home use of metformin was more effective than in-hospital use.
22 meta analyses show significant improvements with metformin for mortality1-21, hospitalization7,13, progression1, and severity8,9,13.
Currently there are 97 metformin for COVID-19 studies, showing 35% lower mortality [31‑39%], 33% lower ventilation [17‑46%], 17% lower ICU admission [6‑26%], 18% lower hospitalization [11‑23%], and 5% fewer cases [-4‑13%].
risk of death, 27.0% lower, OR 0.73, p = 0.001, adjusted results, RR approximated with OR.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Han et al., 28 Feb 2022, peer-reviewed, 16 authors, trial PROSPERO CRD42020221951. Contact: drsunchenyu@yeah.net.
This PaperMetforminAll
Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Tiantian Han, Shaodi Ma, MD, MSc Chenyu Sun, Huimei Zhang, Guangbo Qu, Yue Chen, Ce Cheng, Eric L Chen, Mubashir Ayaz Ahmed, Keun Young Kim, Raveena Manem, Mengshi Chen, Zhichun Guo, Hongru Yang, Yue Yan, Qin Zhou
Archives of Medical Research, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002
Background and Aims. During the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, patients with diabetes face disproportionately more. This study was performed to clarify anti-inflammatory effects of anti-diabetic agents on COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. Methods and Results. Relevant literature was searched on 15 databases up to November 14, 2020 and was updated on April 13, 2021. The pooled ORs along with 95% CIs were calculated to evaluate combined effects. 31 studies with 66,914 patients were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Meta-analysis showed that metformin was associated with a statistically significant lower mortality (pooled OR = 0.62, 95% CI, 0.50-0.76, p = 0.000) and poor composite outcomes (pooled OR = 0.83, 95% CI, 0.71-0.97, p = 0.022) in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Significance of slight lower mortality remained in sulfonylurea/glinides (pooled OR = 0.93, 95% CI, 0.89-0.98, p = 0.004), but of poor composite outcomes was not (pooled OR = 1.48, 95% CI, 0.61-3.60, p = 0.384). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) were associated with statistically non-significant lower mortality (pooled OR = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.72-1.26, p = 0.739) or poor composite outcomes (pooled OR = 1.27, 95% CI, 0.91-1.77, p = 0.162) of COVID-19 in diabetic patients. Conclusion. Metformin might be beneficial in decreasing mortality and poor composite outcomes in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylurea/glinides, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and GLP-1RA would not seem to be adverse. There was insufficient evidence to conclude effects of other anti-diabetic agents. Limited by retrospective characteristics, with relative weak capability to verify causality, more prospective studies, especially RCTs are needed.
Supplementary Materials Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021. 08.002.
References
Abu-Jamous, Anisimovich, Baxter, Associations of comorbidities and medications with COVID-19 outcome: A retrospective analysis of real-world evidence data, medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.20174169
Bardaweel, Hajjo, Sabbah, Sitagliptin: a potential drug for the treatment of COVID-19?, Acta Pharm
Bonora, Avogaro, Fadini, Disentangling conflicting evidence on DPP-4 inhibitors and outcomes of COVID-19: narrative review and meta-analysis, J Endocrinol Invest
Bramante, Buse, Tamaritz, Outpatient metformin use is associated with reduced severity of COVID-19 disease in adults with overweight or obesity, J Med Virol
Bramante, Ingraham, Murray, Metformin and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort analysis, Lancet Healthy Longev
Cariou, Hadjadj, Wargny, Correction to: Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study, Diabetologia
Chen, Guo, Qiu, Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Activity of Metformin and Its Potential Implications in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Lung Injury, Front Immunol
Chen, Yang, Cheng, Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association With Glucose-Lowering Medication, Diabetes Care
Cheng, Liu, Li, Metformin Is Associated with Higher Incidence of Acidosis, but Not Mortality, in Individuals with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes, Cell Metab
Cheng, Xin, Chen, Effects of metformin, insulin on COVID-19 patients with pre-existed type 2 diabetes: A multicentral retrospective study, Life Sci
Collard, Nurmohamed, Kaiser, Cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalised patients: a prospective cohort study, BMJ open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045482
Crouse, Grimes, Li, Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes, Front Endocrinol, doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.600439
Cure, Cure, Can dapagliflozin have a protective effect against COVID-19 infection? A hypothesis, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Dalan, Ang, Tan, The association of hypertension and diabetes pharmacotherapy with COVID-19 severity and immune signatures: an observational study, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother
Do, Kim, Park, Is there an association between metformin use and clinical outcomes in diabetes patients with COVID-19?, Diabetes Metab, doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2020.10.006
Duvignaud, Lhomme, Pistone, Home Treatment of Older People with Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19): A structured Summary of a Study Protocol for a Multi-Arm Multi-Stage (MAMS) Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Several Experimental Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Hospitalisation or Death in outpatients aged 65 years or older (COVERAGE trial), Trials
Emami, Javanmardi, Pirbonyeh, Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Arch Acad Emerg Med
Erol, Role of oxidized LDL-induced "trained macrophages" in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and benefits of pioglitazone: A hypothesis, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Esam, A proposed mechanism for the possible therapeutic potential of Metformin in COVID-19, Diabetes Res Clin Pract
Fadini, Morieri, Longato, Exposure to dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and COVID-19 among people with type 2 diabetes: A case-control study, Diabetes Obes Metab
Gao, Liu, Zhong, Risk of Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With COVID-19: A Preliminary Retrospective Report, Clin Transl Sci
Ghany, Palacio, Dawkins, Metformin is associated with lower hospitalizations, mortality and severe coronavirus infection among elderly medicare minority patients in 8 states in USA, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Hariyanto, Kurniawan, Metformin use is associated with reduced mortality rate from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, Obes Med, doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100290
Hu, Huang, Yin, The cytokine storm and COVID-19, J Med Virol
Huang, Lim, Pranata, Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia-A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Iaccarino, Grassi, Borghi, Age and Multimorbidity Predict Death Among COVID-19 Patients, Hypertension
Israelsen, Pottegård, Sandholdt, Comparable COVID-19 outcomes with current use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or SGLT-2 inhibitors among patients with diabetes who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, Diabetes Obes Metab
Jean, Lee, Hsueh, Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges, J Microbiol Immunol Infect
Jiang, Chen, Liu, Association of metformin with mortality or ARDS in patients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study, Diabetes Res Clin Pract
Khunti, Knighton, Zaccardi, Prescription of glucose-lowering therapies and risk of COVID-19 mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study in England, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
Kim, Jeon, Kim, The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in Daegu, South Korea, Diabetes Metab J
Kow, Hasan, Mortality risk with preadmission metformin use in patients with COVID-19 and diabetes: A meta-analysis, J Med Virol
Kow, Hasan, Use of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with COVID-19, Acta Diabetol
Lalau, Al-Salameh, Hadjadj, Metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19, Diabetes Metab
Lally, Tsoukas, Halladay, Metformin is Associated with Decreased 30-Day Mortality Among Nursing Home Residents Infected with SARS-CoV2, J Am Med Dir Assoc
Longo, Caruso, Maiorino, Treating type 2 diabetes in COVID-19 patients: the potential benefits of injective therapies, Cardiovasc Diabetol
Lukito, Pranata, Henrina, The Effect of Metformin Consumption on Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Luo, Qiu, Liu, Metformin Treatment Was Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes in a Retrospective Analysis, Am J Trop Med Hyg
Malhotra, Hepokoski, Mccowen, ACE2, Metformin, and COVID-19, iScience, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101425
Mozafari, Azadi, Mehdi-Alamdarlou, Inflammation: A bridge between diabetes and COVID-19, and possible management with sitagliptin, Med Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110111
Nafakhi, Alareedh, Al-Buthabhak, Predictors of adverse in-hospital outcome and recovery in patients with diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 pneumonia in Iraq, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Noh, Oh, Jeong, Association Between DPP-4 Inhibitors and COVID-19-Related Outcomes Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care
Oh, Song, Metformin use and risk of COVID-19 among patients with type II diabetes mellitus: an NHIS-COVID-19 database cohort study, Acta Diabetol
Pal, Banerjee, Mukherjee, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, doi:10.1177/2042018821996482
Pan, Han, He, Metformin: one of the possible options to reduce the mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019? Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji, jiu yi xue
Penlioglou, Papachristou, Papanas, COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: May Old Anti-diabetic Agents Become the New Philosopher's Stone?, Diabetes Ther
Pérez-Belmonte, Torres-Peña, Md, Mortality and other adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted for COVID-19 in association with glucose-lowering drugs: a nationwide cohort study, BMC Med
Rakhmat, Kusmala, Handayani, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression, Diabetes Metab Syndr
Rhee, Lee, Nam, Effects of a DPP-4 Inhibitor and RAS Blockade on Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Diabetes and COVID-19, Diabetes Metab J
Ronksley, Brien, Turner, Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ
Roussel, Darmon, Pichelin, Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and prognosis of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: A propensity score analysis from the CORONADO study, Diabetes Obes Metab
Sainsbury, Wang, Gokhale, Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and susceptibility to COVID-19: A population-based retrospective cohort study, Diabetes Obes Metab
Scheen, Marre, Thivolet, Prognostic factors in patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19: Findings from the CORONADO study and other recent reports, Diabetes Metab
Schlicht, Rohmann, Geisler, Circulating levels of soluble Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 are reduced in human subjects hospitalized for severe COVID-19 infections, Int J Obes (Lond)
Sharma, Ray, Sadasivam, Metformin in COVID-19: A possible role beyond diabetes, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108183
Shestakova, Vikulova, Isakov, Diabetes and COVID-19: analysis of the clinical outcomes according to the data of the Russian diabetes registry, Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)
Silverii, Monami, Cernigliaro, Are diabetes and its medications risk factors for the development of COVID-19? Data from a population-based study in Sicily, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
Smelcerovic, Kocic, Gajic, DPP-4 Inhibitors in the Prevention/Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Heart and Kidney Injury Caused by COVID-19-A Therapeutic Approach of Choice in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?, Front Pharmacol
Solerte, 'addio, Trevisan, Sitagliptin Treatment at the Time of Hospitalization Was Associated With Reduced Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and COVID-19: A Multicenter, Case-Control, Retrospective, Observational Study, Diabetes Care
Stare, Maucort-Boulch, Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk, Metodoloski Zvezki
Tomar, Arkin, SARS-CoV-2 E protein is a potential ion channel that can be inhibited by Gliclazide and Memantine, Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Wang, Cooper, Gokhale, Association of Metformin with Susceptibility to COVID-19 in People with Type 2 Diabetes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Wang, Hoyte, Review of Biguanide (Metformin) Toxicity, J Intensive Care Med
Wargny, Potier, Gourdy, Predictors of hospital discharge and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: updated results from the nationwide CORONADO study, Diabetologia
Wells, Shea, Connell, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses
Yan, Valdes, Vijay, Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19: A Large Case-Control Study, Clin Pharmacol Ther
Zangiabadian, Nejadghaderi, Zahmatkesh, The Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Metformin in the Treatment of COVID-19 in the Diabetics: A Systematic Review, Front Endocrinol, doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.645194
Zhou, Wu, Wang, No significant association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and adverse outcomes of COVID-19, World J Clin Cases
Zhu, She, Cheng, Association of Blood Glucose Control and Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes, Cell Metab
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 11]], 'date-time': '2024-05-11T09:10:52Z', 'timestamp': 1715418652701}, 'reference-count': 73, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'issue': '2', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 1]], 'date-time': '2022-02-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1643673600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'}], 'content-domain': { 'domain': [ 'clinicalkey.jp', 'clinicalkey.com', 'clinicalkey.es', 'clinicalkey.fr', 'clinicalkey.com.au', 'elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2]]}, 'DOI': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 8, 9]], 'date-time': '2021-08-09T03:30:15Z', 'timestamp': 1628479815000}, 'page': '186-195', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 31, 'title': 'Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with ' 'Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', 'prefix': '10.1016', 'volume': '53', 'author': [ {'given': 'Tiantian', 'family': 'Han', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Shaodi', 'family': 'Ma', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-3164', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Chenyu', 'family': 'Sun', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Huimei', 'family': 'Zhang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Guangbo', 'family': 'Qu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yue', 'family': 'Chen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ce', 'family': 'Cheng', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Eric L.', 'family': 'Chen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mubashir', 'family': 'Ayaz Ahmed', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Keun Young', 'family': 'Kim', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Raveena', 'family': 'Manem', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Mengshi', 'family': 'Chen', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Zhichun', 'family': 'Guo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hongru', 'family': 'Yang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yue', 'family': 'Yan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Qin', 'family': 'Zhou', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0001', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '436', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034', 'article-title': 'Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'Jean', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Microbiol Immunol Infect'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0002', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '250', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26232', 'article-title': 'The cytokine storm and COVID-19', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Hu', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0003', 'first-page': 'e35', 'article-title': 'Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with ' 'COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Emami', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Arch Acad Emerg Med'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045482', 'article-title': 'Cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalised ' 'patients: a prospective cohort study', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Collard', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'BMJ open'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0005', 'first-page': '113', 'article-title': 'The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team ' '(Team TNCP). The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 ' 'Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)- China', 'volume': '2', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'China CDC Wkly 2020'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0006', 'article-title': 'Division of Viral Diseases (DOVD)', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Evidence used to update the list of underlying medical conditions that ' "increase a person's risk of severe illness from COVID-19"}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0007', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '395', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018', 'article-title': 'Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity ' 'of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia-A systematic review, meta-analysis, ' 'and meta-regression', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Huang', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0008', 'first-page': '292', 'article-title': 'Guidelines for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes in China', 'volume': '38', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine'}, { 'issue': 'S1', 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0009', 'first-page': 'S111', 'article-title': 'Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical ' 'Care in Diabetes-2021', 'volume': '44', 'author': '9', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Care'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0010', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108282', 'article-title': 'A proposed mechanism for the possible therapeutic potential of ' 'Metformin in COVID-19', 'volume': '167', 'author': 'Esam', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Res Clin Pract'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0011', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '537', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.013', 'article-title': 'Metformin Is Associated with Higher Incidence of Acidosis, but Not ' 'Mortality, in Individuals with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 ' 'Diabetes', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'Cheng', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0012', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '69', 'DOI': '10.4269/ajtmh.20-0375', 'article-title': 'Metformin Treatment Was Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 ' 'Patients with Diabetes in a Retrospective Analysis', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'Luo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Am J Trop Med Hyg'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0013', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1185', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2020.01185', 'article-title': 'DPP-4 Inhibitors in the Prevention/Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis, ' 'Heart and Kidney Injury Caused by COVID-19-A Therapeutic Approach of ' 'Choice in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Smelcerovic', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Front Pharmacol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0014', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '846', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13063-020-04619-1', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Duvignaud', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Trials'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0015', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '263', 'DOI': '10.1111/dom.14203', 'article-title': 'Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and susceptibility to ' 'COVID-19: A population-based retrospective cohort study', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Sainsbury', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Obes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0016', 'article-title': 'The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of ' 'nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses', 'author': 'Wells', 'year': '2000', 'journal-title': 'Ottawa Hospital Research Institute'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0017', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'd671', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.d671', 'article-title': 'Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease ' 'outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '342', 'author': 'Ronksley', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0018', 'first-page': '59', 'article-title': 'Odds Ratio, Hazard Ratio and Relative Risk', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Stare', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Metodoloski Zvezki'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0019', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4273', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26873', 'article-title': 'Outpatient metformin use is associated with reduced severity of ' 'COVID-19 disease in adults with overweight or obesity', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Bramante', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0020', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119371', 'article-title': 'Effects of metformin, insulin on COVID-19 patients with pre-existed ' 'type 2 diabetes: A multicentral retrospective study', 'volume': '275', 'author': 'Cheng', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Life Sci'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0021', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '513', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.022', 'article-title': 'Metformin is associated with lower hospitalizations, mortality and ' 'severe coronavirus infection among elderly medicare minority patients ' 'in 8 states in USA', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Ghany', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0022', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108619', 'article-title': 'Association of metformin with mortality or ARDS in patients with ' 'COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study', 'volume': '173', 'author': 'Jiang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Res Clin Pract'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0023', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '293', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00050-4', 'article-title': 'Prescription of glucose-lowering therapies and risk of COVID-19 ' 'mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational ' 'study in England', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Khunti', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0024', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.diabet.2020.101216', 'article-title': 'Metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in ' 'patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'Lalau', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0025', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '193', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.031', 'article-title': 'Metformin is Associated with Decreased 30-Day Mortality Among Nursing ' 'Home Residents Infected with SARS-CoV2', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'Lally', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Am Med Dir Assoc'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0026', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '33', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.014', 'article-title': 'Predictors of adverse in-hospital outcome and recovery in patients with ' 'diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 pneumonia in Iraq', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Nafakhi', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0027', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '771', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00592-020-01666-7', 'article-title': 'Metformin use and risk of COVID-19 among patients with type II diabetes ' 'mellitus: an NHIS-COVID-19 database cohort study', 'volume': '58', 'author': 'Oh', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Acta Diabetol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0028', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '359', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12916-020-01832-2', 'article-title': 'Mortality and other adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes ' 'mellitus admitted for COVID-19 in association with glucose-lowering ' 'drugs: a nationwide cohort study', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Pérez-Belmonte', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'BMC Med'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0029', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '396', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.numecd.2020.09.028', 'article-title': 'Are diabetes and its medications risk factors for the development of ' 'COVID-19? Data from a population-based study in Sicily', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Silverii', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0030', 'article-title': 'Associations of comorbidities and medications with COVID-19 outcome: A ' 'retrospective analysis of real-world evidence data', 'author': 'Abu-Jamous', 'year': '20200820', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0031', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e34', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30033-7', 'article-title': 'Metformin and risk of mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: ' 'a retrospective cohort analysis', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Bramante', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Healthy Longev'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0032', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1399', 'DOI': '10.2337/dc20-0660', 'article-title': 'Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and ' 'COVID-19 in Association With Glucose-Lowering Medication', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Chen', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Care'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0033', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.3389/fendo.2020.600439', 'article-title': 'Metformin Use Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in a Diverse ' 'Population With COVID-19 and Diabetes', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Crouse', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0034', 'article-title': 'Is there an association between metformin use and clinical outcomes in ' 'diabetes patients with COVID-19?', 'volume': '101208', 'author': 'Do', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0035', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1055', 'DOI': '10.1111/cts.12897', 'article-title': 'Risk of Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With COVID-19: A ' 'Preliminary Retrospective Report', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Gao', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Transl Sci'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0036', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '602', 'DOI': '10.4093/dmj.2020.0146', 'article-title': 'The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with ' 'Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in ' 'Daegu, South Korea', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'Kim', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab J'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0037', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '35', 'DOI': '10.14341/probl12458', 'article-title': 'Diabetes and COVID-19: analysis of the clinical outcomes according to ' 'the data of the Russian diabetes registry', 'volume': '66', 'author': 'Shestakova', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0038', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1946', 'DOI': '10.1111/dom.14097', 'article-title': 'Exposure to dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and COVID-19 among people ' 'with type 2 diabetes: A case-control study', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'Fadini', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Obes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0039', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '251', 'DOI': '10.4093/dmj.2020.0206', 'article-title': 'Effects of a DPP-4 Inhibitor and RAS Blockade on Clinical Outcomes of ' 'Patients with Diabetes and COVID-19', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'Rhee', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab J'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0040', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2999', 'DOI': '10.2337/dc20-1521', 'article-title': 'Sitagliptin Treatment at the Time of Hospitalization Was Associated ' 'With Reduced Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and COVID-19: A ' 'Multicenter, Case-Control, Retrospective, Observational Study', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'Solerte', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Care'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0041', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e48', 'DOI': '10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa098', 'article-title': 'The association of hypertension and diabetes pharmacotherapy with ' 'COVID-19 severity and immune signatures: an observational study', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Dalan', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0042', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1397', 'DOI': '10.1111/dom.14329', 'article-title': 'Comparable COVID-19 outcomes with current use of GLP-1 receptor ' 'agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or SGLT-2 inhibitors among patients with ' 'diabetes who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Israelsen', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Obes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0043', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e64', 'DOI': '10.2337/dc20-1824', 'article-title': 'Association Between DPP-4 Inhibitors and COVID-19-Related Outcomes ' 'Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'Noh', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Care'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0044', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1162', 'DOI': '10.1111/dom.14324', 'article-title': 'Use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and prognosis of COVID-19 in ' 'hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: A propensity score analysis ' 'from the CORONADO study', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Roussel', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Obes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0045', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5576', 'DOI': '10.12998/wjcc.v8.i22.5576', 'article-title': 'No significant association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors ' 'and adverse outcomes of COVID-19', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Zhou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'World J Clin Cases'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0046', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '778', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00125-020-05351-w', 'article-title': 'Predictors of hospital discharge and mortality in patients with ' 'diabetes and COVID-19: updated results from the nationwide CORONADO ' 'study', 'volume': '64', 'author': 'Wargny', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetologia'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0047', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1953', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00125-020-05207-3', 'article-title': 'Correction to: Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients ' 'with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study', 'volume': '63', 'author': 'Cariou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetologia'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0048', 'article-title': 'Metformin use is associated with reduced mortality rate from ' 'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Hariyanto', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Obes Med'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0049', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2177', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.006', 'article-title': 'The Effect of Metformin Consumption on Mortality in Hospitalized ' 'COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Lukito', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0050', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.3389/fendo.2021.645194', 'article-title': 'The Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Metformin in the Treatment of ' 'COVID-19 in the Diabetics: A Systematic Review', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Zangiabadian', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0051', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '695', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26498', 'article-title': 'Mortality risk with preadmission metformin use in patients with ' 'COVID-19 and diabetes: A meta-analysis', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Kow', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Med Virol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0052', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '863', 'DOI': '10.1177/0885066618793385', 'article-title': 'Review of Biguanide (Metformin) Toxicity', 'volume': '34', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'J Intensive Care Med'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0053', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2056', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2020.02056', 'article-title': 'Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Activity of Metformin and Its Potential ' 'Implications in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Lung Injury', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Chen', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Front Immunol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0054', 'first-page': '1131', 'article-title': 'Metformin: one of the possible options to reduce the mortality of ' 'severe coronavirus disease 2019?', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'Pan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0055', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.isci.2020.101425', 'article-title': 'ACE2, Metformin, and COVID-19', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Malhotra', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'iScience'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0056', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108183', 'article-title': 'Metformin in COVID-19: A possible role beyond diabetes', 'volume': '164', 'author': 'Sharma', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Res Clin Pract'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0057', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1379', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40618-021-01515-6', 'article-title': 'Disentangling conflicting evidence on DPP-4 inhibitors and outcomes of ' 'COVID-19: narrative review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'Bonora', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Endocrinol Invest'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0058', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '777', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.027', 'article-title': 'Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in coronavirus ' 'disease 2019 (COVID-19)-A systematic review, meta-analysis, and ' 'meta-regression', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Rakhmat', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0059', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1177/2042018821996482', 'article-title': 'Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and mortality in COVID-19 patients ' 'with diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Pal', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0060', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1185', 'DOI': '10.1002/cpt.2047', 'article-title': 'Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and ' 'Severity of COVID-19: A Large Case-Control Study', 'volume': '108', 'author': 'Yan', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Pharmacol Ther'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0061', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '265', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.diabet.2020.05.008', 'article-title': 'Prognostic factors in patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19: ' 'Findings from the CORONADO study and other recent reports', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'Scheen', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0062', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '175', 'DOI': '10.2478/acph-2021-0013', 'article-title': 'Sitagliptin: a potential drug for the treatment of COVID-19?', 'volume': '71', 'author': 'Bardaweel', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Acta Pharm'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0063', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2335', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41366-020-00689-y', 'article-title': 'Circulating levels of soluble Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 are reduced in ' 'human subjects hospitalized for severe COVID-19 infections', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'Schlicht', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int J Obes (Lond)'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0064', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '245', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00592-020-01629-y', 'article-title': 'Use of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with COVID-19', 'volume': '58', 'author': 'Kow', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Acta Diabetol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0065', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110111', 'article-title': 'Inflammation: A bridge between diabetes and COVID-19, and possible ' 'management with sitagliptin', 'volume': '143', 'author': 'Mozafari', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Med Hypotheses'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0066', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '10', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.206', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 E protein is a potential ion channel that can be inhibited ' 'by Gliclazide and Memantine', 'volume': '530', 'author': 'Singh Tomar', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Biochem Biophys Res Commun'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0067', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '405', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.024', 'article-title': 'Can dapagliflozin have a protective effect against COVID-19 infection? ' 'A hypothesis', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Cure', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0068', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '115', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12933-020-01090-9', 'article-title': 'Treating type 2 diabetes in COVID-19 patients: the potential benefits ' 'of injective therapies', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Longo', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cardiovasc Diabetol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0069', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1007/s13300-020-00830-0', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: May Old Anti-diabetic Agents Become the ' "New Philosopher's Stone?", 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Penlioglou', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Ther'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0070', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '713', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.007', 'article-title': 'Role of oxidized LDL-induced “trained macrophages” in the pathogenesis ' 'of COVID-19 and benefits of pioglitazone: A hypothesis', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Erol', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0071', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1068', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.021', 'article-title': 'Association of Blood Glucose Control and Outcomes in Patients with ' 'COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Zhu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Cell Metab'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0072', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '366', 'DOI': '10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15324', 'article-title': 'Age and Multimorbidity Predict Death Among COVID-19 Patients', 'volume': '76', 'author': 'Iaccarino', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Hypertension'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002_bib0073', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1255', 'DOI': '10.1210/clinem/dgab067', 'article-title': 'Association of Metformin with Susceptibility to COVID-19 in People with ' 'Type 2 Diabetes', 'volume': '106', 'author': 'Wang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Endocrinol Metab'}], 'container-title': 'Archives of Medical Research', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0188440921001673?httpAccept=text/xml', 'content-type': 'text/xml', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0188440921001673?httpAccept=text/plain', 'content-type': 'text/plain', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 9]], 'date-time': '2022-03-09T03:09:04Z', 'timestamp': 1646795344000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0188440921001673'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2]]}, 'references-count': 73, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '2', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['S0188440921001673'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002', 'relation': { 'has-preprint': [ { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.1101/2021.01.26.21250506', 'asserted-by': 'object'}]}, 'ISSN': ['0188-4409'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'Archives of Medical Research', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 2]]}, 'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'}, { 'value': 'Association Between Anti-diabetic Agents and Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in ' 'Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', 'name': 'articletitle', 'label': 'Article Title'}, {'value': 'Archives of Medical Research', 'name': 'journaltitle', 'label': 'Journal Title'}, { 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.002', 'name': 'articlelink', 'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'}, {'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'}, { 'value': '© 2021 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Published by Elsevier Inc. ' 'All rights reserved.', 'name': 'copyright', 'label': 'Copyright'}]}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit