Effectiveness of Molnupiravir Treatment in Patients with COVID-19 in Korea: A Propensity Score Matched Study
Hye Rim Park, Min-Gyu Yoo, Jong Mu Kim, Soon Jong Bae, Hyungmin Lee, PhD Jungyeon Kim
Infection & Chemotherapy, doi:10.3947/ic.2023.0087
Background: The MOVe-OUT (efficacy and safety of molnupiravir in non-hospitalized adult participants with ) trial reported that the administration of molnupiravir in unvaccinated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before the Omicron epidemic showed a preventive effect of 31% against hospitalization and death. However, studies on the preventive effect of molnupiravir against progression to severe disease and death in patients with COVID-19 during the Omicron epidemic are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of molnupiravir against severe/critical illness or death and death in Korean patients with COVID-19 who were vaccinated mostly during the Omicron epidemic.
Materials and Methods: This study used large-scale retrospective cohort data to select patients with COVID-19 who were either treated or not treated with molnupiravir, between August 2022 and March 2023, at a ratio of 1 : 4 using the propensity score matching method. In total, 762,768 patients comprised the non-administered group, and 190,692 patients comprised the molnupiravir-administered group. The preventive effect of molnupiravir against severe/ critical illness or death and death was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The preventive effect of molnupiravir against severe/critical illness or death and death, represented by the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), in the molnupiravir-administered and non-administered group was (OR: 0.714; CI: 0.667 -0.764) and (OR: 0.749; CI: 0.682 -0.823), respectively. As age increased, the preventive effect against severe/critical illness or death and death increased. The preventive effect against severe/critical illness or death at ≥60 years was (OR: 0.
Conflict of interest No conflict of interest.
Author Contributions
References
Arbel, Sagy, Hoshen, Battat, Lavie et al., Nirmatrelvir use and severe Covid-19 outcomes during the omicron surge, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204919Bajema, Berry, Streja, Rajeevan, Li et al., Effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir or molnupiravir among U.S. Veterans: Target trial emulation studies with one-month and six-month outcomes, Ann Intern Med,
doi:10.7326/M22-3565Bernal, Da Silva, Musungaie, Kovalchuk, Gonzalez et al., Williams-8/10 icjournal
Bestetti, Furlan-Daniel, Silva, Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19: a comprehensive review, Int J Environ Res Public Health,
doi:10.3390/ijerph18137212Butler, Hobbs, Gbinigie, Rahman, Hayward et al., Molnupiravir plus usual care versus usual care alone as early treatment for adults with COVID-19 at increased risk of adverse outcomes (PANORAMIC): an openlabel, platform-adaptive randomised controlled trial, Lancet,
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02597-1Diaz, Brown, Du, Pedley, Assaid et al., Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116044Fiolet, Kherabi, Macdonald, Ghosn, Peiffer-Smadja, Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review, Clin Microbiol Infect,
doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005Guan, Liang, Zhao, Liang, Chen et al., China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis, Eur Respir J,
doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020Hammond, Leister-Tebbe, Gardner, Abreu, Wisemandle et al., Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2118542Hoertel, Boulware, Sánchez-Rico, Burgun, Limosin, Prevalence of contraindications to nirmatrelvir-ritonavir among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at risk for progression to severe disease, JAMA Netw Open,
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.42140Ito, Piantham, Nishiura, Relative instantaneous reproduction number of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant with respect to the Delta variant in Denmark, J Med Virol,
doi:10.1002/jmv.27560Kim, Yoo, Bae, Kim, Lee, Effectiveness of paxlovid, an oral antiviral drug, against the Omicron BA.5 variant in Korea: severe progression and death between July and November 2022, J Korean Med Sci,
doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e211Lv, Lv, Clinical characteristics and analysis of risk factors for disease progression of COVID-19: a retrospective Cohort Study, Int J Biol Sci,
doi:10.7150/ijbs.50654Najjar-Debbiny, Gronich, Weber, Khoury, Amar et al., Effectiveness of molnupiravir in highrisk patients: a propensity score matched analysis, Clin Infect Dis,
doi:10.1093/cid/ciac781Painter, Holman, Bush, Almazedi, Malik et al., Human safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of molnupiravir, a novel broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent with activity against SARS-CoV-2, Antimicrob Agents Chemother,
doi:10.1128/AAC.02428-20Paraskevis, Gkova, Mellou, Gerolymatos, Psalida et al., Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir as treatments for COVID-19 in high-risk patients, J Infect Dis
Park, Park, Lee, Yu, Song et al., The effectiveness of Paxlovid treatment in long-term care facilities in South Korea during the outbreak of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, Osong Public Health Res Perspect,
doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0262Rosenbaum, Db, The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects, Biometrika
Ross, Bortolussi-Courval, Hanula, Lee, Wilson et al., Drug interactions with nirmatrelvirritonavir in older adults using multiple medications, JAMA Netw Open,
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20184Siddiqi, Mehra, COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical-therapeutic staging proposal, J Heart Lung Transplant,
doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012Soy, Keser, Atagündüz, Pathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19, Turk J Biol,
doi:10.3906/biy-2105-37Suzuki, Shibata, Minemura, Nikaido, Tanino et al., Real-world clinical outcomes of treatment with molnupiravir for patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 during the Omicron variant pandemic, Clin Exp Med,
doi:10.1007/s10238-022-00949-3Takashita, Kinoshita, Yamayoshi, Sakai-Tagawa, Fujisaki et al., Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against Covid-19 omicron variant, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMc2119407Takashita, Yamayoshi, Simon, Van Bakel, Sordillo et al., Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 subvariants, N Engl J Med,
doi:10.1056/NEJMc2207519Watson, Barnsley, Toor, Hogan, Winskill et al., Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study, Lancet Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00320-6Wen, Chen, Tang, Wang, Zhou et al., Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19:a meta-analysis, Ann Med,
doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2034936Wong, Au, Lau, Lau, Cowling et al., Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvirritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00507-2Wong, Au, Lau, Lau, Cowling et al., Real-world effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir against mortality, hospitalisation, and in-hospital outcomes among community-dwelling, ambulatory patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the omicron wave in Hong Kong: an observational study, Lancet,
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01586-0Wu, Chen, Cai, Xia, Zhou et al., Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA Intern Med,
doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994Xie, Bowe, Al-Aly, Molnupiravir and risk of hospital admission or death in adults with covid-19: emulation of a randomized target trial using electronic health records, BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072705Yang, Zheng, Gou, Pu, Chen et al., Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017Ying-Hao, Yuan-Yuan, Dong, Qiu-Hua, Xue-Ran et al., Clinical characteristics and analysis of risk factors for disease progression of patients with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection: a retrospective study of 25207 cases in a Fangcang hospital, Front Cell Infect Microbiol,
doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009894DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087",
"ISSN": [
"2093-2340",
"2092-6448"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2023.0087",
"assertion": [
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Received",
"name": "received",
"value": "2023-09-13"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Accepted",
"name": "accepted",
"value": "2023-11-10"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Published online",
"name": "published_online",
"value": "2023-11-22"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Copyright and Licensing",
"name": "Copyright_and_licensing"
},
"label": "Copyright",
"name": "copyright",
"value": "Copyright © 2023 by The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy, and The Korean Society for AIDS"
},
{
"explanation": {
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
},
"group": {
"label": "Copyright and Licensing",
"name": "Copyright_and_licensing"
},
"label": "License",
"name": "license",
"value": "This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."
}
],
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-9387",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Patient Management Team, Central Disease Control Headquarters for COVID-19, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Park",
"given": "Hye Rim",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-6813",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Patient Management Team, Central Disease Control Headquarters for COVID-19, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
},
{
"name": "Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Bureau of Public Health Emergency Preparedness, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Yoo",
"given": "Min-Gyu",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5840-6965",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Patient Management Team, Central Disease Control Headquarters for COVID-19, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Kim",
"given": "Jong Mu",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9031-4825",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Patient Management Team, Central Disease Control Headquarters for COVID-19, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Bae",
"given": "Soon Jong",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-3704",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Patient Management Team, Central Disease Control Headquarters for COVID-19, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
},
{
"name": "Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Bureau of Infectious Disease Risk Response, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
},
{
"name": "Division of Vaccine-Prevetable Diseases Control and National Immunization Program, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Lee",
"given": "Hyungmin",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-1544",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Patient Management Team, Central Disease Control Headquarters for COVID-19, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
},
{
"name": "Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, Bureau of Infectious Disease Risk Response, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
},
{
"name": "Division of Clinical Research, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Natinal Institute of Infectious Disease, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea."
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Kim",
"given": "Jungyeon",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Infection & Chemotherapy",
"container-title-short": "Infect Chemother",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": false,
"domain": [
"icjournal.org"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
11,
23
]
],
"date-time": "2023-11-23T01:52:36Z",
"timestamp": 1700704356000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
11,
28
]
],
"date-time": "2023-11-28T04:34:30Z",
"timestamp": 1701146070000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
11,
29
]
],
"date-time": "2023-11-29T00:23:14Z",
"timestamp": 1701217394293
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023
]
]
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
"content-version": "tdm",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
1,
1
]
],
"date-time": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1672531200000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://icjournal.org/pdf/10.3947/ic.2023.0087",
"content-type": "application/pdf",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "https://icjournal.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3947/ic.2023.0087",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
},
{
"URL": "https://icjournal.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3947/ic.2023.0087",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "18617",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.3947",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023
]
]
},
"publisher": "XMLink",
"reference": [
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref1",
"unstructured": "World Health Organization (WHO). WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Accessed 24 May 2023. Available at: https://covid19.who.int"
},
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref2",
"unstructured": "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Accessed 27 May 2023. Available at: https://ncov.kdca.go.kr"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1183/13993003.00547-2020",
"author": "Guan",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2000547",
"journal-title": "Eur Respir J",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref3",
"volume": "55",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017",
"author": "Yang",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "91",
"journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref4",
"volume": "94",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994",
"author": "Wu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "934",
"journal-title": "JAMA Intern Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref5",
"volume": "180",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27560",
"author": "Ito",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2265",
"journal-title": "J Med Virol",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref6",
"volume": "94",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/ijerph18137212",
"author": "Bestetti",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "7212",
"journal-title": "Int J Environ Res Public Health",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref7",
"volume": "18",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012",
"author": "Siddiqi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "405",
"journal-title": "J Heart Lung Transplant",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref8",
"volume": "39",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMcp2009249",
"author": "Gandhi",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1757",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref9",
"volume": "383",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7150/ijbs.50654",
"author": "Lv",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1",
"journal-title": "Int J Biol Sci",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref10",
"volume": "17",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009894",
"author": "Ying-Hao",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1009894",
"journal-title": "Front Cell Infect Microbiol",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref11",
"volume": "12",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3906/biy-2105-37",
"author": "Soy",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "372",
"journal-title": "Turk J Biol",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref12",
"volume": "45",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/07853890.2022.2034936",
"author": "Wen",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "516",
"journal-title": "Ann Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref13",
"volume": "54",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2116044",
"author": "Jayk Bernal",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "509",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref14",
"volume": "386",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2118542",
"author": "Hammond",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1397",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref15",
"volume": "386",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/antibiotics10111294",
"author": "Lee",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1294",
"journal-title": "Antibiotics (Basel)",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref16",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"author": "Painter",
"first-page": "e02428",
"journal-title": "Antimicrob Agents Chemother",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref17",
"volume": "65",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref18",
"unstructured": "US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Fact sheet for healthcare providers: Emergency use authorization for Lagevrio™ (molnupiravir) capsules. Accessed 1 February 2023. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/155054/download"
},
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref19",
"unstructured": "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). Guide to use of coronavirus infectious diseases-19 treatment in South Korea (edition 11). Accessed 1 September 2023. Available at: https://ncov.kdca.go.kr/extendedCareBoardList.jsp?brdId=8&brdGubun=81"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2119407",
"author": "Takashita",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "995",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref20",
"volume": "386",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2207519",
"author": "Takashita",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "468",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref21",
"volume": "387",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2204919",
"author": "Arbel",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "790",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref22",
"volume": "387",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02597-1",
"author": "Butler",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "281",
"journal-title": "Lancet",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref23",
"volume": "401",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciac781",
"author": "Najjar-Debbiny",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "453",
"journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref24",
"volume": "76",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00507-2",
"author": "Wong",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1681",
"journal-title": "Lancet Infect Dis",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref25",
"volume": "22",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01586-0",
"author": "Wong",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1213",
"journal-title": "Lancet",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref26",
"volume": "400",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7326/M22-3565",
"author": "Bajema",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "807",
"journal-title": "Ann Intern Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref27",
"volume": "176",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj-2022-072705",
"author": "Xie",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e072705",
"journal-title": "BMJ",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref28",
"volume": "380",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10238-022-00949-3",
"author": "Suzuki",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2715",
"journal-title": "Clin Exp Med",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref29",
"volume": "23",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0262",
"author": "Park",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "443",
"journal-title": "Osong Public Health Res Perspect",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref30",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/biomet/70.1.41",
"author": "Rosenbaum",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "41",
"journal-title": "Biometrika",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref31",
"volume": "70",
"year": "1983"
},
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref32",
"unstructured": "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). Coronavirus disease 2019 response and management guidelines for local governments in South Korea (edition 13-1). Accessed 22 August 2023. Available at: https://ncov.kdca.go.kr/duBoardList.do?brdId=2&brdGubun=28"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005",
"author": "Fiolet",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "202",
"journal-title": "Clin Microbiol Infect",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref33",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00320-6",
"author": "Watson",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1293",
"journal-title": "Lancet Infect Dis",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref34",
"volume": "22",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref35",
"unstructured": "Our world in Data. Share of people who received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Accessed 1 February 2023. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-people-vaccinated-covid"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.42140",
"author": "Hoertel",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e2242140",
"journal-title": "JAMA Netw Open",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref36",
"volume": "5",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20184",
"author": "Ross",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e2220184",
"journal-title": "JAMA Netw Open",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref37",
"volume": "5",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref38",
"unstructured": "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). Press reference data. Accessed 29 December 2022. Available at: https://www.kdca.go.kr/board/board.es?mid=a20501010000&bid=0015&list_no=721541&cg_code=&act=view&nPage=16"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e211",
"author": "Kim",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e211",
"journal-title": "J Korean Med Sci",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref39",
"volume": "38",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/infdis/jiad324",
"author": "Paraskevis",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "jiad324",
"journal-title": "J Infect Dis",
"key": "10.3947/ic.2023.0087_ref40",
"year": "2023"
}
],
"reference-count": 40,
"references-count": 40,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://icjournal.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3947/ic.2023.0087"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [
"Pharmacology (medical)",
"Infectious Diseases"
],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Effectiveness of Molnupiravir Treatment in Patients with COVID-19 in Korea: A Propensity Score Matched Study",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/crossmark_policy",
"volume": "55"
}
