Supplementary Data — Povidone-Iodine reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 22 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 39V39
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Mohamed (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.21] viral+ 0/5 3/5 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Choudhury (RCT) 88% 0.12 [0.03-0.50] death 2/303 17/303 Choudhury (RCT) 84% 0.16 [0.09-0.28] hosp. 12/303 77/303 Choudhury (RCT) 96% 0.04 [0.02-0.07] viral+ 8/303 213/303 Guenezan (RCT) 63% 0.37 [0.06-1.63] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Elzein (DB RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.00] viral load 25 (n) 9 (n) Short term viral Arefin (RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.08-0.54] viral+ 4/27 19/27 Short term viral Arefin (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.03-0.41] viral+ 2/27 19/27 Short term viral Arefin (RCT) 53% 0.47 [0.26-0.85] viral+ 9/27 19/27 Short term viral Arefin (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.09-0.44] viral+ 5/27 25/27 Short term viral Arefin (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.21-0.62] viral+ 9/27 25/27 Short term viral Arefin (RCT) 74% 0.26 [0.19-0.37] viral+ 29/135 44/54 Short term viral Pablo-Marcos 29% 0.71 [0.32-1.56] viral load 31 (n) 40 (n) Pablo-Marcos 9% 0.91 [0.20-4.16] viral load 31 (n) 40 (n) Sulistyani (SB RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.45-1.96] viral load 15 (n) 15 (n) Sulistyani (SB RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.42-1.88] viral load 15 (n) 15 (n) Elsersy (DB RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-1.62] hosp. 0/100 5/100 CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.76-0.96] recov. time 100 (n) 100 (n) CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.42-0.62] recov. time 100 (n) 100 (n) CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 48% 0.52 [0.43-0.63] recov. time 100 (n) 100 (n) CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 68% 0.32 [0.22-0.49] viral+ 21/100 65/100 CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.77] viral+ 1/100 10/100 CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.62-0.81] viral+ 70/100 99/100 CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.05-0.14] transmission 12/194 173/227 CT​2​ Elsersy (DB RCT) 94% 0.06 [0.03-0.12] transmission 8/194 157/227 CT​2​ Sevinç Gül (RCT) 99% 0.01 [0.00-439] viral load 21 (n) 20 (n) Short term viral OT​1​ Sevinç Gül (RCT) 19% 0.81 [0.65-1.01] viral+ 17/21 20/20 Short term viral OT​1​ Natto (RCT) 74% 0.26 [0.03-2.76] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral OT​1​ Natto (RCT) 96% 0.04 [0.00-2.26] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral OT​1​ Natto (RCT) 44% 0.56 [0.07-4.53] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral OT​1​ Sirijatuphat 33% 0.67 [0.17-2.67] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral Sirijatuphat 88% 0.12 [0.02-0.94] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral Sirijatuphat 83% 0.17 [0.02-1.49] viral load 12 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral Karaaltin (RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.05-0.62] viral load 30 (n) 30 (n) Karaaltin (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.05-0.46] viral load 30 (n) 30 (n) Karaaltin (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-1.71] viral load 30 (n) 30 (n) Karaaltin (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.03-0.30] viral load 30 (n) 30 (n) Matsuyama (RCT) 69% 0.31 [0.10-0.93] viral+ 4/139 13/140 Matsuyama (RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.42-0.92] viral+ 139 (n) 140 (n) Friedland (DB RCT) 60% 0.40 [0.18-0.93] viral load 10 (n) 13 (n) Friedland (DB RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.25-0.92] viral load 10 (n) 13 (n) Sulistyani 44% 0.56 [0.40-0.79] viral load 15 (n) 15 (n) Seneviratne (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.50-0.91] viral load 4 (n) 2 (n) Short term viral Zarabanda (RCT) -27% 1.27 [0.26-6.28] no recov. 3/13 2/11 OT​1​ Zarabanda (RCT) -50% 1.50 [0.31-7.30] no recov. 3/11 2/11 OT​1​ Zarabanda (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.19-5.24] viral+ 2/7 2/7 OT​1​ Jamir (ICU) 57% 0.43 [0.27-0.69] death 39/163 62/103 ICU patients Ferrer (RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.02-19.0] viral load 9 (n) 12 (n) Short term viral Ferrer (RCT) 93% 0.07 [0.00-17.4] viral load 9 (n) 9 (n) Short term viral Fantozzi (RCT) 31% 0.69 [0.39-1.21] viral+ 5/8 10/11 Short term viral OT​1​ Fantozzi (RCT) 59% 0.41 [0.18-0.96] viral+ 3/8 10/11 Short term viral OT​1​ Graves (DB RCT) 85% 0.15 [0.00-454] viral load 16 (n) 16 (n) Short term viral Graves (DB RCT) 84% 0.16 [0.00-2203] viral load 16 (n) 16 (n) Short term viral Graves (DB RCT) 86% 0.1 [0.00-3e+05] viral load 16 (n) 16 (n) Short term viral Seet (CLUS. RCT) 45% 0.55 [0.38-0.80] symp. case 42/735 64/619 OT​1​ Seet (CLUS. RCT) 31% 0.69 [0.52-0.92] cases 338/735 433/619 OT​1​ Povidone-iodine COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment​2​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors povidone-iodine Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
Loading..
Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.