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21 povidone-iodine COVID-19 controlled studies, 18 RCTs
64% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.36
[0.24-0.54]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Mohamed (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.01-2.21]
viral+
0/5
3/5
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Choudhury (RCT)
88%
0.12 [0.03-0.50]
death
2/303
17/303
Choudhury (RCT)
84%
0.16 [0.09-0.28]
hosp.
12/303
77/303
Choudhury (RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.02-0.07]
viral+
8/303
213/303
Guenezan (RCT)
63%
0.37 [0.06-1.63]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Elzein (DB RCT)
89%
0.11 [0.01-1.00]
viral load
25 (n)
9 (n)
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
79%
0.21 [0.08-0.54]
viral+
4/27
19/27
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
89%
0.11 [0.03-0.41]
viral+
2/27
19/27
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
53%
0.47 [0.26-0.85]
viral+
9/27
19/27
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
80%
0.20 [0.09-0.44]
viral+
5/27
25/27
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
64%
0.36 [0.21-0.62]
viral+
9/27
25/27
Short term viral
Arefin (RCT)
74%
0.26 [0.19-0.37]
viral+
29/135
44/54
Short term viral
Pablo-Marcos
29%
0.71 [0.32-1.56]
viral load
31 (n)
40 (n)
Pablo-Marcos
9%
0.91 [0.20-4.16]
viral load
31 (n)
40 (n)
Sulistyani (SB RCT)
6%
0.94 [0.45-1.96]
viral load
15 (n)
15 (n)
Sulistyani (SB RCT)
11%
0.89 [0.42-1.88]
viral load
15 (n)
15 (n)
Elsersy (DB RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.01-1.62]
hosp.
0/100
5/100
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
15%
0.85 [0.76-0.96]
recov. time
100 (n)
100 (n)
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
49%
0.51 [0.42-0.62]
recov. time
100 (n)
100 (n)
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
48%
0.52 [0.43-0.63]
recov. time
100 (n)
100 (n)
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
68%
0.32 [0.22-0.49]
viral+
21/100
65/100
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
90%
0.10 [0.01-0.77]
viral+
1/100
10/100
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
29%
0.71 [0.62-0.81]
viral+
70/100
99/100
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
92%
0.08 [0.05-0.14]
transmission
12/194
173/227
CT2
Elsersy (DB RCT)
94%
0.06 [0.03-0.12]
transmission
8/194
157/227
CT2
Sevinç Gül (RCT)
99%
0.01 [0.00-439]
viral load
21 (n)
20 (n)
Short term viral OT1
Natto (RCT)
74%
0.26 [0.03-2.76]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral OT1
Natto (RCT)
96%
0.04 [0.00-2.26]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral OT1
Natto (RCT)
44%
0.56 [0.07-4.53]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral OT1
Sirijatuphat
33%
0.67 [0.17-2.67]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral
Sirijatuphat
88%
0.12 [0.02-0.94]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral
Sirijatuphat
83%
0.17 [0.02-1.49]
viral load
12 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral
Karaaltin (RCT)
83%
0.17 [0.05-0.62]
viral load
30 (n)
30 (n)
Karaaltin (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.05-0.46]
viral load
30 (n)
30 (n)
Karaaltin (RCT)
82%
0.18 [0.02-1.71]
viral load
30 (n)
30 (n)
Karaaltin (RCT)
91%
0.09 [0.03-0.30]
viral load
30 (n)
30 (n)
Matsuyama (RCT)
69%
0.31 [0.10-0.93]
viral+
4/139
13/140
Matsuyama (RCT)
38%
0.62 [0.42-0.92]
viral+
139 (n)
140 (n)
Friedland (DB RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.18-0.93]
viral load
10 (n)
13 (n)
Friedland (DB RCT)
52%
0.48 [0.25-0.92]
viral load
10 (n)
13 (n)
Seneviratne (RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.50-0.91]
viral load
4 (n)
2 (n)
Short term viral
Zarabanda (RCT)
-27%
1.27 [0.26-6.28]
no recov.
3/13
2/11
OT1
Zarabanda (RCT)
-50%
1.50 [0.31-7.30]
no recov.
3/11
2/11
OT1
Zarabanda (RCT)
0%
1.00 [0.19-5.24]
viral+
2/7
2/7
OT1
Jamir (ICU)
57%
0.43 [0.27-0.69]
death
39/163
62/103
ICU patients
Ferrer (RCT)
34%
0.66 [0.02-19.0]
viral load
9 (n)
12 (n)
Short term viral
Ferrer (RCT)
93%
0.07 [0.00-17.4]
viral load
9 (n)
9 (n)
Short term viral
Fantozzi (RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.39-1.21]
viral+
5/8
10/11
Short term viral OT1
Fantozzi (RCT)
59%
0.41 [0.18-0.96]
viral+
3/8
10/11
Short term viral OT1
Graves (DB RCT)
85%
0.15 [0.00-454]
viral load
16 (n)
16 (n)
Short term viral
Graves (DB RCT)
84%
0.16 [0.00-2203]
viral load
16 (n)
16 (n)
Short term viral
Graves (DB RCT)
86%
0.1 [0.00-3e+05]
viral load
16 (n)
16 (n)
Short term viral
Seet (CLUS. RCT)
45%
0.55 [0.38-0.80]
symp. case
42/735
64/619
OT1
Seet (CLUS. RCT)
31%
0.69 [0.52-0.92]
cases
338/735
433/619
OT1
Povidone-iodine COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
December 2024
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors povidone-iodine
Favors control
Figure S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies.
For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.
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