Lactoferrin Supplementation in Preventing and Protecting from SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Is There Any Role in General and Special Populations? An Updated Review of Literature

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 25]], 'date-time': '2024-09-25T04:28:58Z', 'timestamp': 1727238538899}, 'reference-count': 145, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '19', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 24]], 'date-time': '2024-09-24T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1727136000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>At the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection represented a great medical ' 'burden worldwide, as targeted and effective therapeutic options were lacking. This resulted ' 'in the revival of existing molecules and the increasing popularity of over-the-counter ' 'nutritional supplements. Among the latter, lactoferrin has been investigated as an adjuvant ' 'in COVID-19 therapy with conflicting results, mainly depending on different study designs. ' 'Considering that lactoferrin is one of the main components of human breast milk with ' 'anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity, it is conceivable that such bioactive molecule ' 'could be effective in supporting anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection therapy, especially in infants and ' 'pregnant women, two subpopulations that have been poorly evaluated in the existing clinical ' 'trials. This narrative review is intended to offer insight into the existing literature on ' 'lactoferrin’s biological functions and protective effects against COVID-19, with a special ' 'focus on pregnant women and their infants.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms251910248', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 24]], 'date-time': '2024-09-24T12:54:17Z', 'timestamp': 1727182457000}, 'page': '10248', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Lactoferrin Supplementation in Preventing and Protecting from SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Is There Any ' 'Role in General and Special Populations? An Updated Review of Literature', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '25', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1340-3493', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Paolo', 'family': 'Manzoni', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University ' 'Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy'}, {'name': 'School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6868-036X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Alessandro', 'family': 'Messina', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ {'name': 'School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy'}, { 'name': 'Sant’Anna Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, University ' 'of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-3803', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Chiara', 'family': 'Germano', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University ' 'Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy'}, {'name': 'School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy'}]}, { 'given': 'Simonetta', 'family': 'Picone', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico ' 'Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5243-0940', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Bianca', 'family': 'Masturzo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Medicine, University ' 'Hospital “Degli Infermi”, 13875 Ponderano, Italy'}, {'name': 'School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-9158', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Pier Paolo', 'family': 'Sainaghi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del ' 'Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy'}, { 'name': 'IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune ' 'Diseases), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 ' 'Novara, Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-8192', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Daniele', 'family': 'Sola', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del ' 'Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy'}, { 'name': 'Laboratory of Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ' 'Italiano, S. Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-7111', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Manuela', 'family': 'Rizzi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune ' 'Diseases), Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 ' 'Novara, Italy'}, { 'name': 'Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), Università del Piemonte ' 'Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 9, 24]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Bolat, E., Eker, F., Kaplan, M., Duman, H., Arslan, A., Saritaş, S., ' 'Şahutoğlu, A.S., and Karav, S. (2022). Lactoferrin for COVID-19 ' 'prevention, treatment, and recovery. Front. 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