The potential of lactoferrin as antiviral and immune-modulating agent in viral infectious diseases
Furkan Eker, Hatice Duman, Melih Ertürk, Sercan Karav
Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402135
Emerging infectious diseases are caused by unpredictable viruses with the dangerous potential to trigger global pandemics. These viruses typically initiate infection by utilizing the anionic structures of host cell surface receptors to gain entry. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with multiple properties such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Due to its cationic structure, Lf naturally interacts with certain host cell receptors, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, as well as viral particles and other receptors that are targeted by viruses. Therefore, Lf may interfere with virus-host cell interactions by acting as a receptor competitor for viruses. Herein we summarize studies in which this competition was investigated with SARS-CoV-2, Zika, Dengue, Hepatitis and Influenza viruses in vitro. These studies have demonstrated not only Lf's competitive properties, but also its potential intracellular impact on host cells, such as enhancing cell survival and reducing infection efficiency by inhibiting certain viral enzymes. In addition, the immunomodulatory effect of Lf is highlighted, as it can influence the activity of specific immune cells and regulate cytokine release, thereby enhancing the host's response to viral infections. Collectively, these properties promote the potential of Lf as a promising candidate for research in viral infectious diseases.
Author contributions
Conflict of interest Author ME was employed by company Uluova Dairy. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Emerging infectious diseases are caused by unpredictable viruses with the dangerous '
'potential to trigger global pandemics. These viruses typically initiate infection by '
'utilizing the anionic structures of host cell surface receptors to gain entry. Lactoferrin '
'(Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with multiple properties such as antiviral, '
'anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Due to its cationic structure, Lf naturally '
'interacts with certain host cell receptors, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, as well as '
'viral particles and other receptors that are targeted by viruses. Therefore, Lf may interfere '
'with virus-host cell interactions by acting as a receptor competitor for viruses. Herein we '
'summarize studies in which this competition was investigated with SARS-CoV-2, Zika, Dengue, '
'Hepatitis and Influenza viruses <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>. These studies have '
'demonstrated not only Lf’s competitive properties, but also its potential intracellular '
'impact on host cells, such as enhancing cell survival and reducing infection efficiency by '
'inhibiting certain viral enzymes. In addition, the immunomodulatory effect of Lf is '
'highlighted, as it can influence the activity of specific immune cells and regulate cytokine '
'release, thereby enhancing the host’s response to viral infections. Collectively, these '
'properties promote the potential of Lf as a promising candidate for research in viral '
'infectious diseases.</jats:p>',
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