Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All lactoferrin studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchLactoferrinLactoferrin (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation

Campione et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms21144903
Jul 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Review of the mechanisms of action and potential benefits of lactoferrin for COVID-19. Authors propose designing a trial combining an intranasal spray and oral administration (which they later performed).
Reviews covering lactoferrin for COVID-19 include1-4.
Campione et al., 11 Jul 2020, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. Contact: campioneelena@hotmail.com (corresponding author), terenziocosio@gmail.com, caterinalanna.cl@gmail.com, luca.bianchi@uniroma2.it, luigi.rosa@uniroma1.it, piera.valenti@uniroma1.it, stefano.di.girolamo@uniroma2.it, roberta.gaziano@uniroma2.it.
This PaperLactoferrinAll
Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation
Elena Campione, Terenzio Cosio, Luigi Rosa, Caterina Lanna, Stefano Di Girolamo, Roberta Gaziano, Piera Valenti, Luca Bianchi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms21144903
Recently, the world has been dealing with a devastating global pandemic coronavirus infection, with more than 12 million infected worldwide and over 300,000 deaths as of May 15th 2020, related to a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), characterized by a spherical morphology and identified through next-generation sequencing. Although the respiratory tract is the primary portal of entry of SARS-CoV-2, gastrointestinal involvement associated with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may also occur. No drug or vaccine has been approved due to the absence of evidence deriving from rigorous clinical trials. Increasing interest has been highlighted on the possible preventative role and adjunct treatment of lactoferrin, glycoprotein of human secretions part of a non-specific defensive system, known to play a crucial role against microbial and viral infections and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on different mucosal surfaces and able to regulate iron metabolism. In this review, analysing lactoferrin properties, we propose designing a clinical trial to evaluate and verify its effect using a dual combination treatment with local, solubilized intranasal spray formulation and oral administration. Lactoferrin could counteract the coronavirus infection and inflammation, acting either as natural barrier of both respiratory and intestinal mucosa or reverting the iron disorders related to the viral colonization.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Actor, Hwang, Kruzel, Lactoferrin as a natural immune modulator, Curr. Pharm. Des, doi:10.2174/138161209788453202
Adams-Chapman, Stoll, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1053/spid.2001.19230
Agarwal, Chen, Ravindran, To, Thuluvath, Gastrointestinal and Liver Manifestations of COVID-19, J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol, doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2020.03.001
Ahmed, Quadeer, Mckay, Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies, Viruses
Andrews, Disorders of Iron Metabolism, New Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJM200004273421716
Armitage, Stacey, Giannoulatou, Marshall, Sturges et al., Distinct patterns of hepcidin and iron regulation during HIV-1, HBV, and HCV infections, doi:10.1073/pnas.1402351111
Ashida, Sasaki, Suzuki, Lönnerdal, Cellular internalization of lactoferrin in intestinal epithelial cells, BioMetals, doi:10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027710.13543.3f
Baek, Cho, 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-modified SLN of paclitaxel for overcoming p-glycoprotein function in multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01578.x
Berlutti, Pantanella, Natalizi, Frioni, Paesano et al., Antiviral Properties of Lactoferrin-A Natural Immunity Molecule, Mol, doi:10.3390/molecules16086992
Bullen, Rogers, Griffiths, Role of Iron in Bacterial Infection, Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66956-9_1
Burckhardt, Greber, Virus Movements on the Plasma Membrane Support Infection and Transmission between Cells, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000621
Burgueño, Reich, Hazime, Quintero, Fernandez et al., Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Gut of Patients With IBD, Inflamm. Bowel Dis, doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa085
Carnevale, Beretta, Morbini, Direct endothelial damage and vasculitis due to SARS-CoV-2 in small bowel submucosa of COVID-19 patient with diarrhea, J. Med Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.26119
Chang, Zen Sun, Bun, Ng, Lactoferrin as potential preventative and treatment for COVID-19, Authorea, doi:10.22541/au.158630054.41052564
Chen, Guo, Pan, Zhao, Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.071
Chen, Zhong, Genomics functional analysis and drug screening of SARS-CoV-2, Genes Dis, doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.002
Chien, Chen, Hsu, Chiou, Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus by binding to heparan sulfate and receptor for low density lipoprotein, Virology, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.017
Cipolla, Gonda, Formulation technology to repurpose drugs for inhalation delivery, Drug Discov. Today Ther. Strat, doi:10.1016/j.ddstr.2011.07.001
Cipolla, Wu, Gonda, Chan, Aerosol Performance and Stability of Liposomes Containing Ciprofloxacin Nanocrystals, J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv, doi:10.1089/jamp.2015.1241
Conti, Ronconi, Caraffa, Gallenga, Ross et al., Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): Anti-inflammatory strategies, J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, doi:10.23812/CONTI-E
Cui, Li, Shi, Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses, Nat. Rev. Genet
Cutone, Frioni, Berlutti, Valenti, Musci et al., Lactoferrin prevents LPS-induced decrease of the iron exporter ferroportin in human monocytes/macrophages, BioMetals
Cutone, Lepanto, Rosa, Scotti, Rossi et al., Aerosolized Bovine Lactoferrin Counteracts Infection, Inflammation and Iron Dysbalance in A Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chronic Lung Infection, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms20092128
Cutone, Rosa, Lepanto, Scotti, Berlutti et al., Lactoferrin Efficiently Counteracts the Inflammation-Induced Changes of the Iron Homeostasis System in Macrophages, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00705
Dall'agnola, Tome, Kaufman, Tavella, Pieretto et al., Role of Lactoferrin in Neonates and Infants: An Update, Am. J. Perinatol, doi:10.1055/s-0038-1639359
Dhar, Mohanty, Gut microbiota and Covid-19-possible link and implications, Virus Res, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198018
Dickson, The microbiome and critical illness, Lancet Respir. Med, doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00427-0
Dumas, Bernard, Poquet, Lugo-Villarino, Neyrolles, The role of the lung microbiota and the gut-lung axis in respiratory infectious diseases, Cell. Microbiol, doi:10.1111/cmi.12966
Frioni, Conte, Cutone, Longhi, Musci et al., Lactoferrin differently modulates the inflammatory response in epithelial models mimicking human inflammatory and infectious diseases, BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-014-9740-9
Ganz, Systemic Iron Homeostasis, Physiol. Rev, doi:10.1152/physrev.00008.2013
Glowacka, Bertram, Müller, Allen, Soilleux et al., Evidence that TMPRSS2 Activates the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Membrane Fusion and Reduces Viral Control by the Humoral Immune Response, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.02232-10
Groot, Geijtenbeek, Sanders, Baldwin, Sanchez-Hernandez et al., Lactoferrin Prevents Dendritic Cell-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission by Blocking the DC-SIGN-gp120 Interaction, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.79.5.3009-3015.2005
Guo, Cao, Hong, Tan, Chen et al., The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak-an update on the status, Mil. Med Res, doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Han, Duan, Zhang, Spiegel, Shi et al., Digestive Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients With Mild Disease Severity, Am. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000664
Hoffmann, Kleine-Weber, Schroeder, Krüger, Herrler et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Huang, Wang, Li, Ren, Zhao et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Kruzel, Zimecki, Actor, Lactoferrin in a Context of Inflammation-Induced Pathology, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01438
Lagunas-Rangel, Chávez-Valencia, High IL-6/IFN-γ ratio could be associated with severe disease in COVID-19 patients, J. Med. Virol, doi:10.1002/jmv.25900
Lang, Yang, Deng, Liu, Yang et al., Inhibition of SARS Pseudovirus Cell Entry by Lactoferrin Binding to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023710
Lepanto, Rosa, Cutone, Conte, Paesano et al., Efficacy of Lactoferrin Oral Administration in the Treatment of Anemia and Anemia of Inflammation in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women: An Interventional Study, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02123
Li, Liu, Zhang, Xu, Dai et al., SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: Observations and hypotheses, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30920-X
Li, Moore, Vasilieva, Sui, Wong et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature02145
Li, Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins, Annu. Rev. Virol
Li, Zhou, Zhang, Wang, Zhao et al., Updated Approaches against SARS-CoV-2, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, doi:10.1128/AAC.00483-20
Liang, Feng, Rao, Xiao, Xue et al., Diarrhoea may be underestimated: A missing link in 2019 novel coronavirus, Gut, doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320832
Liao, Jiang, Lönnerdal, Biochemical and molecular impacts of lactoferrin on small intestinal growth and development during early life1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process, Biochem. Cell Boil, doi:10.1139/o11-075
Liu, Ye, Liu, Liu, Singh, Stability during in vitro digestion of lactoferrin-loaded liposomes prepared from milk fat globule membrane-derived phospholipids, J. Dairy Sci, doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6072
Loira-Pastoriza, Todoroff, Vanbever, Delivery strategies for sustained drug release in the lungs, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, doi:10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.017
Lu, Zhao, Li, Niu, Yang et al., Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Makino, Nakajima, Shikamura, Ito, Ando et al., Efficient intracellular delivery of rifampicin to alveolar macrophages using rifampicin-loaded PLGA microspheres: Effects of molecular weight and composition of PLGA on release of rifampicin, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.03.018
Mancinelli, Rosa, Cutone, Lepanto, Franchitto et al., Viral Hepatitis and Iron Dysregulation: Molecular Pathways and the Role of Lactoferrin, Mol, doi:10.3390/molecules25081997
Marchetti, Longhi, Conte, Pisani, Valenti et al., Lactoferrin inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 adsorption to Vero cells, Antivir. Res, doi:10.1016/0166-3542(95)00840-3
Marchetti, Pisani, Antonini, Valenti, Seganti et al., Metal complexes of bovine lactoferrin inhibit in vitro replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, BioMetals, doi:10.1023/A:1009217709851
Marchetti, Superti, Ammendolia, Rossi, Valenti et al., Inhibition of poliovirus type 1 infection by iron-, manganese-and zinc-saturated lactoferrin, Med Microbiol. Immunol
Martinez, Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, doi:10.1128/AAC.00399-20
Masson, Heremans, Schonne, Lactoferrin, An Iron-Binbing Protein Ni Neutrophilic Leukocytes, J. Exp. Med, doi:10.1084/jem.130.3.643
Ong, Young, Ong, COVID-19 in gastroenterology: A clinical perspective, Gut
Paesano, Pacifici, Benedetti, Berlutti, Frioni et al., Safety and efficacy of lactoferrin versus ferrous sulphate in curing iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in hereditary thrombophilia pregnant women: An interventional study, BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-014-9723-x
Pang, Wang, Ang, Tan, Lewis et al., Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review, J. Clin. Med, doi:10.3390/jcm9030623
Puddu, Borghi, Gessani, Valenti, Belardelli et al., Antiviral effect of bovine lactoferrin saturated with metal ions on early steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Boil, doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00066-1
Qi, Qian, Zhang, Zhang, Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044
Rosa, Cutone, Lepanto, Paesano, Valenti, Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms18091985
Sahu, Mishra, Jain, Rajoriya, Jain, Mannosylated solid lipid nanoparticles for lung-targeted delivery of Paclitaxel, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm, doi:10.3109/03639045.2014.891130
Sano, Nagai, Tsutsumi, Kuroki, Lactoferrin and surfactant protein A exhibit distinct binding specificity to F protein and differently modulate respiratory syncytial virus infection, Eur. J. Immunol, doi:10.1002/eji.200324218
Schmidt, The role of iron in viral infections, Front. Biosci, doi:10.2741/4839
Shankar, Prasad, Zinc and immune function: The biological basis of altered resistance to infection, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S
Shimazaki, Takahashi, Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-binding proteins from chicken egg white, J. Microbiol. Methods, doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.001
Siciliano, Rega, Marchetti, Seganti, Antonini et al., Bovine Lactoferrin Peptidic Fragments Involved in Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1318
Su, Wong, Shi, Liu, Lai et al., Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses, Trends Microbiol, doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
Sungnak, Network, Huang, Bécavin, Berg et al., SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes, Nat. Med, doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0868-6
Superti, Ammendolia, Valenti, Seganti, Antirotaviral activity of milk proteins: Lactoferrin prevents rotavirus infection in the enterocyte-like cell line HT-29, Med Microbiol. Immunol
Superti, Siciliano, Rega, Giansanti, Valenti et al., Involvement of bovine lactoferrin metal saturation, sialic acid and protein fragments in the inhibition of rotavirus infection, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj, doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00178-7
Suzuki, Wong, Ashida, Schryvers, Lönnerdal, The N1 Domain of Human Lactoferrin Is Required for Internalization by Caco-2 Cells and Targeting to the Nucleus †, Biochemistry
Tian, Li, Huang, Xia, Lu et al., Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody, Emerg. Microbes Infect, doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1729069
Tinari, Pietrantoni, Ammendolia, Valenti, Superti, Inhibitory activity of bovine lactoferrin against echovirus induced programmed cell death in vitro, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.011
Toogood, Markov, Baskerville, Dyson, Association of ocular cataracts with inhaled and oral steroid therapy during long-term treatment of asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, doi:10.1016/0091-6749(93)90263-F
Valenti, Antonini, Lactoferrin, None, Cell. Mol. Life Sci, doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5372-0
Valenti, Frioni, Rossi, Ranucci, De Fino et al., Aerosolized bovine lactoferrin reduces neutrophils and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections, Biochem. Cell Boil, doi:10.1139/bcb-2016-0050
Wakabayashi, Oda, Yamauchi, Abe, Lactoferrin for prevention of common viral infections, J. Infect. Chemother, doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2014.08.003
Walls, Park, Tortorici, Wall, Mcguire et al., Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
Wang, Chan, Kloer, Comparative studies on the chemical and immunochemical properties of human milk, human pancreatic juice and bovine milk lactoferrin, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Comp. Biochem, doi:10.1016/0305-0491(84)90100-7
Wang, Wu, Jiang, Wang, Jin, Retinol and vitamin A metabolites accumulate through RBP4 and STRA6 changes in a psoriasis murine model, Nutr. Metab, doi:10.1186/s12986-019-0423-y
Wang, Xu, Hu, Xia, Sun et al., SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion, Cell. Mol. Immunol, doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9
Weinberg, Iron withholding: A defense against viral infections, BioMetals, doi:10.1007/BF00140609
Wrapp, Wang, Corbett, Goldsmith, Hsieh et al., Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science
Wu, Guo, Tang, Hong, Zhou et al., Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples, Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol, doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2
Xiong, Redwood, Prendergast, Chen, Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications, Eur. Hear. J, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231
Xu, Fan, Liu, Cheng, Tu et al., Novel Anticoagulant Peptide from Lactoferrin Binding Thrombin at the Active Site and Exosite-I, J. Agric. Food Chem, doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08094
Yazidi-Belkoura, Legrand, Nuijens, Slomianny, Van Berkel et al., The binding of lactoferrin to glycosaminoglycans on enterocyte-like HT29-18-C1 cells is mediated through basic residues located in the N-terminus, Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenergy, doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00222-7
Yi, Kaneko, Yu, Murakami, Hepatitis C virus envelope proteins bind lactoferrin, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.71.8.5997-6002.1997
Zhang, Li, Lyu, Lei, Li et al., Specific ACE2 expression in small intestinal enterocytes may cause gastrointestinal symptoms and injury after 2019-nCoV infection, Int. J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.027
Zhang, Shang, Liu, Zhang, Zheng et al., Clinical characteristics of 194 cases of COVID-19 in Huanggang and Taian, Infection, doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01440-5
Zhou, Yang, Wang, Hu, Zhang et al., A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Zwirzitz, Reiter, Skrabana, Ohradanova-Repic, Majdic et al., Lactoferrin is a natural inhibitor of plasminogen activation, J. Boil. Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.RA118.003145
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 8, 8]], 'date-time': '2022-08-08T11:08:39Z', 'timestamp': 1659956919818}, 'reference-count': 95, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '14', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 11]], 'date-time': '2020-07-11T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1594425600000}, 'content-version': 'unspecified', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Recently, the world has been dealing with a devastating global pandemic coronavirus ' 'infection, with more than 12 million infected worldwide and over 300,000 deaths as of May ' '15th 2020, related to a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), characterized by a spherical ' 'morphology and identified through next-generation sequencing. Although the respiratory tract ' 'is the primary portal of entry of SARS-CoV-2, gastrointestinal involvement associated with ' 'nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may also occur. No drug or vaccine has been approved due to ' 'the absence of evidence deriving from rigorous clinical trials. Increasing interest has been ' 'highlighted on the possible preventative role and adjunct treatment of lactoferrin, ' 'glycoprotein of human secretions part of a non-specific defensive system, known to play a ' 'crucial role against microbial and viral infections and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on ' 'different mucosal surfaces and able to regulate iron metabolism. In this review, analysing ' 'lactoferrin properties, we propose designing a clinical trial to evaluate and verify its ' 'effect using a dual combination treatment with local, solubilized intranasal spray ' 'formulation and oral administration. Lactoferrin could counteract the coronavirus infection ' 'and inflammation, acting either as natural barrier of both respiratory and intestinal mucosa ' 'or reverting the iron disorders related to the viral colonization.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms21144903', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 14]], 'date-time': '2020-07-14T13:30:49Z', 'timestamp': 1594733449000}, 'page': '4903', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 60, 'title': 'Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against ' 'Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '21', 'author': [ {'given': 'Elena', 'family': 'Campione', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-7882', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Terenzio', 'family': 'Cosio', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1252-6080', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Luigi', 'family': 'Rosa', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-6275', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Caterina', 'family': 'Lanna', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Stefano', 'family': 'Di Girolamo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-2670', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Roberta', 'family': 'Gaziano', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Piera', 'family': 'Valenti', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-6896', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Luca', 'family': 'Bianchi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 11]]}, 'reference': [ {'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/22221751.2020.1729069'}, {'key': 'ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8'}, {'key': 'ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/AAC.00483-20'}, {'key': 'ref4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.002'}, {'key': 'ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003'}, {'key': 'ref6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9'}, {'key': 'ref7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0'}, { 'key': 'ref8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301'}, {'key': 'ref9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044'}, {'key': 'ref10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12986-019-0423-y'}, {'key': 'ref11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052'}, {'key': 'ref12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26119'}, {'key': 'ref13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jceh.2020.03.001'}, {'key': 'ref14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/ibd/izaa085'}, {'key': 'ref15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.071'}, {'key': 'ref16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320832'}, {'key': 'ref17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321051'}, {'key': 'ref18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.027'}, {'key': 'ref19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2'}, {'key': 'ref20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198018'}, {'key': 'ref21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/cmi.12966'}, {'key': 'ref22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00427-0'}, {'key': 'ref23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJM200004273421716'}, {'key': 'ref24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-3-642-66956-9_1'}, {'key': 'ref25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms18091985'}, {'key': 'ref26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/BF00140609'}, {'key': 'ref27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/physrev.00008.2013'}, {'key': 'ref28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.1402351111'}, {'key': 'ref29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2741/4839'}, {'key': 'ref30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5'}, {'key': 'ref31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S'}, {'key': 'ref32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/spid.2001.19230'}, {'key': 'ref33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10534-014-9742-7'}, {'key': 'ref34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1055/s-0038-1639359'}, {'key': 'ref35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.23812/CONTI-E'}, {'key': 'ref36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.25900'}, {'key': 'ref37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.14309/ajg.0000000000000664'}, {'key': 'ref38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231'}, {'key': 'ref39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30920-X'}, {'key': 'ref40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s15010-020-01440-5'}, {'key': 'ref41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7'}, {'key': 'ref42'}, {'key': 'ref43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcm9030623'}, {'key': 'ref44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/v12030254'}, {'key': 'ref45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/AAC.00399-20'}, {'key': 'ref46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058'}, {'key': 'ref47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abb2507'}, {'key': 'ref48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/nature02145'}, {'key': 'ref49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.02232-10'}, {'key': 'ref50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9'}, {'key': 'ref51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.001'}, {'key': 'ref52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules25081997'}, {'key': 'ref53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.22541/au.158630054.41052564'}, {'key': 'ref54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1084/jem.130.3.643'}, {'key': 'ref55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2174/138161209788453202'}, {'key': 'ref56', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/0305-0491(84)90100-7'}, {'key': 'ref57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00018-005-5372-0'}, {'key': 'ref58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2017.01438'}, { 'key': 'ref59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027710.13543.3f'}, {'key': 'ref60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1021/bi8012164'}, {'key': 'ref61', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1139/o11-075'}, {'key': 'ref62', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10534-014-9740-9'}, {'key': 'ref63', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2017.00705'}, {'key': 'ref64', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1139/bcb-2016-0050'}, {'key': 'ref65', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms20092128'}, {'key': 'ref66', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10534-014-9723-x'}, {'key': 'ref67', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2018.02123'}, {'key': 'ref68', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules16086992'}, {'key': 'ref69', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jiac.2014.08.003'}, {'key': 'ref70', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1023/A:1009217709851'}, {'key': 'ref71', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s004300050093'}, {'key': 'ref72', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1006/bbrc.1999.1318'}, {'key': 'ref73', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00178-7'}, {'key': 'ref74', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/0166-3542(95)00840-3'}, {'key': 'ref75', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0304-4165(01)00222-7'}, {'key': 'ref76', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.79.5.3009-3015.2005'}, {'key': 'ref77', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.017'}, {'key': 'ref78', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s004300050049'}, {'key': 'ref79', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00066-1'}, {'key': 'ref80', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.71.8.5997-6002.1997'}, {'key': 'ref81', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/eji.200324218'}, {'key': 'ref82', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.011'}, {'key': 'ref83', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0023710'}, {'key': 'ref84', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1000621'}, {'key': 'ref85', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.RA118.003145'}, {'key': 'ref86', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08094'}, {'key': 'ref87', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ddstr.2011.07.001'}, {'key': 'ref88', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/0091-6749(93)90263-F'}, {'key': 'ref89', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1089/jamp.2015.1241'}, {'key': 'ref90', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.017'}, {'key': 'ref91', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3109/03639045.2014.891130'}, {'key': 'ref92', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01578.x'}, {'key': 'ref93', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.03.018'}, {'key': 'ref94', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41591-020-0868-6'}, {'key': 'ref95', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3168/jds.2012-6072'}], 'container-title': 'International Journal of Molecular Sciences', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/4903/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 14]], 'date-time': '2020-07-14T13:49:41Z', 'timestamp': 1594734581000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/14/4903'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 11]]}, 'references-count': 95, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '14', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['ijms21144903'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144903', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1422-0067'], 'subject': [ 'Inorganic Chemistry', 'Organic Chemistry', 'Physical and Theoretical Chemistry', 'Computer Science Applications', 'Spectroscopy', 'Molecular Biology', 'General Medicine', 'Catalysis'], 'container-title-short': 'IJMS', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 7, 11]]}}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit