Supplementary Data — Fluvoxamine reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 21 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 39V39 (V1 2021)
c19early.org
October 2026

Fluvoxamine COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlDose (4d)Relative Risk
Lenze (DB RCT)93%0.07 · 0.00–1.28progression0/806/721,200mgSTOP COVID Lenze (DB RCT)82%0.18 · 0.02–1.50hosp.1/805/721,200mgSTOP COVID Seftel (QR)72%0.28 · 0.01–6.68death0/771/48500mg Seftel (QR)84%0.16 · 0.01–3.29death/ICU0/772/48500mg Seftel (QR)94%0.06 · 0.00–1.04hosp.0/776/48500mg Seftel (QR)99%0.01 · 0.00–0.21no recov.0/7729/48500mg Reiersen (DB RCT)−201%3.01 · 0.12–73.59oxygen1/2720/275800mgSTOP COVID 2 Reiersen (DB RCT)33%0.67 · 0.24–1.87oxygen6/2729/275800mgSTOP COVID 2 Reiersen (DB RCT)38%0.62 · 0.16–2.46oxygen3/1646/205800mgSTOP COVID 2 Reiersen (DB RCT)9%0.91 · 0.38–2.20hosp.9/27210/275800mgSTOP COVID 2 Reiersen (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.42–1.81progression13/27215/275800mgSTOP COVID 2 Seo (SB RCT)0%1.00 · 0.15–6.57progression2/262/26800mg Seo (SB RCT)34%0.66 · 0.06–6.73progression1/192/25800mg Seo (SB RCT)13%0.87 · 0.71–1.06progression26 (n)26 (n)800mg Bramante (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.33–3.61death/hosp.6/3295/324400mgCOVID-OUTOT1 Bramante (DB RCT)−16%1.16 · 0.58–2.25progression18/32915/324400mgCOVID-OUTOT1 Bramante (DB RCT)2%0.98 · 0.29–3.37hosp.5/3295/324400mgCOVID-OUTOT1 Bramante (DB RCT)2%0.98 · 0.29–3.37hosp.5/3295/324400mgCOVID-OUTOT1 Bramante (DB RCT)5%0.95 · 0.72–1.25progression79/32980/321400mgCOVID-OUTOT1 Pineda94%0.06 · 0.01–0.52death1/5944/63800mg Pineda73%0.27 · 0.14–0.54oxygen15/59413/63800mg Pineda51%0.49 · 0.26–0.95hosp.23/59411/63800mg Pineda−71%1.71 · 0.94–3.14hosp. time23 (n)11 (n)800mg Ibrahim (RCT)60%0.40 · 0.17–0.93hosp.88 (n)74 (n) Ibrahim (RCT)58%0.42 · 0.17–1.03hosp.6/5111/39 Ibrahim (RCT)68%0.32 · 0.03–2.89hosp.1/373/35 Reis (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.12–73.53death1/7380/738800mgTOGETHERCT2 Reis (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.32–2.40hosp.7/7388/738800mgTOGETHERCT2 Reis (DB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.25–0.92progression13/73827/738800mgTOGETHERCT2 Siripongbo.. (RCT)−2%1.02 · 0.26–4.00oxygen4/1624/165400mgEFFaCo Siripongbo.. (RCT)−22%1.22 · 0.38–3.93hosp.6/1625/165400mgEFFaCo Tsiakalos67%0.33 · 0.01–7.84ICU0/531/50800mg Tsiakalos84%0.16 · 0.02–1.26hosp.1/536/50800mg Tsiakalos86%0.14 · 0.02–0.74progression2/538/50800mg Siripongboonsitti59%0.41 · 0.02–9.98death0/2341/518400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti−48%1.48 · 0.25–8.77ventilation2/2343/518400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti26%0.74 · 0.15–3.63ICU2/2346/518400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti−67%1.67 · 1.10–2.54oxygen34/23445/518400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti42%0.58 · 0.32–1.05progression13/21749/475400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti35%0.65 · 0.43–0.99progression23/16688/413400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti33%0.67 · 0.51–0.89progression51/217132/377400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti−48%1.48 · 0.25–8.77progression2/2343/518400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti34%0.66 · 0.59–0.75no recov.234 (n)518 (n)400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti−8%1.08 · 1.00–1.17no recov.234 (n)518 (n)400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti−3%1.03 · 0.95–1.12no recov.234 (n)518 (n)400mgFluvoxa Siripongboonsitti−4%1.04 · 0.91–1.19viral+130/210218/365400mgFluvoxa Wannigama (RCT)98%0.02 · 0.00–0.34ventilation0/16232/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)98%0.02 · 0.00–0.40ventilation0/16227/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)97%0.03 · 0.00–0.56ventilation0/16219/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)89%0.11 · 0.06–0.21oxygen9/162171/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)100%0.00 · 0.00–0.07oxygen0/162150/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)99%0.01 · 0.00–0.09oxygen0/162117/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)94%0.06 · 0.03–0.11hosp.9/162321/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)98%0.02 · 0.00–0.40hosp.0/16227/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)97%0.03 · 0.00–0.56hosp.0/16219/336500mg Wannigama (RCT)40%0.60 · 0.53–0.68PASC97/162336/336500mg Reis (DB RCT)30%0.70 · 0.37–1.26death17/74125/756800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)91%0.09 · 0.01–0.47death1/54812/618800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.46–1.28ventilation26/74134/756800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.61–1.03hosp.75/74197/756800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)32%0.68 · 0.52–0.88hosp./ER79/741119/756800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)31%0.69 · 0.53–0.90hosp./ER78/740115/752800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)66%0.34 · 0.21–0.54hosp./ER541 (n)609 (n)800mgTOGETHER Reis (DB RCT)−49%1.49 · 0.94–2.38viral+167/207163/221800mgTOGETHER Calusic (ICU)42%0.58 · 0.36–0.94death30/5139/511,200mgICU patients Kirenga68%0.32 · 0.19–0.53death29/94126/222800mg Kirenga53%0.47 · 0.23–0.97recovery94 (n)222 (n)800mg Stewart (DB RCT)31%0.69 · 0.27–1.21progression14/58921/586700mgACTIV-6 Stewart (DB RCT)34%0.66 · 0.23–1.16clin. ord.589 (n)586 (n)700mgACTIV-6 Stewart (DB RCT)−15%1.15 · 0.51–1.83clin. ord.589 (n)586 (n)700mgACTIV-6 Stewart (DB RCT)6%0.94 · 0.29–1.74clin. ord.589 (n)586 (n)700mgACTIV-6 Stewart (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.92–1.12no recov.589 (n)586 (n)700mgACTIV-6 Stewart (DB RCT)49%0.51 · 0.05–5.64hosp.1/5892/586700mgACTIV-6 Oskotsky (PSM)−58%1.58 · 0.42–5.93death2/1119/165n/a Oskotsky (PSM)26%0.74 · 0.55–0.99death48/481956/7,215n/a Fritz19%0.81 · 0.26–2.22hosp./ER4/171,896/20,457n/a Fritz12%0.88 · 0.79–0.99hosp./ER707/3,4141,896/20,457n/a Fritz12%0.88 · 0.77–0.99hosp./ER559/2,7441,896/20,457n/a Fritz10%0.90 · 0.81–0.99hosp./ER971/4,5771,896/20,457n/a Diaz (PSM)28%0.72 · 0.63–0.81cases4,558 (n)4,558 (n)n/a Trkulja (PSM)27%0.73 · 0.35–1.55deathn/a Trkulja (PSM)−37%1.37 · 0.56–3.33hosp.n/a Visos-Varela−103%2.03 · 0.24–17.43deathcase-control studyn/a Visos-Varela−395%4.95 · 0.34–71.42ICUcase-control studyn/a Visos-Varela40%0.60 · 0.19–1.92hosp.case-control studyn/a Visos-Varela32%0.68 · 0.18–2.50progressioncase-control studyn/a Visos-Varela12%0.88 · 0.54–1.43casescase-control studyn/a
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
2 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Fluvoxamine
reduces riskFluvoxamine
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.