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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Higher-Dose Fluvoxamine and Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With COVID-19

Stewart et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2023.23363 (date from preprint), ACTIV-6, NCT04885530
Sep 2023  
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Progression, ER, urgent.. 31% Improvement Relative Risk Clinical progression, day 14 34% Clinical progression, day 7 -15% Clinical progression, day 28 6% Recovery time 1% no CI Recovery -1% post-hoc primary Hospitalization, non-C19 49% Fluvoxamine  ACTIV-6  LATE TREATMENT  DB RCT Is late treatment with fluvoxamine beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 1,175 patients in the USA (August 2022 - January 2023) Lower progression (p=0.34) and improved recovery (p=0.32), not sig. Multiple major issues with trial, see notes c19early.org Stewart et al., JAMA, September 2023 Favorsfluvoxamine Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
27th treatment shown to reduce risk in November 2021, now with p = 0.00014 from 21 studies, recognized in 3 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19early.org
Late treatment low risk population RCT showing lower progression to hospitalization or urgent care/ER visits with fluvoxamine, without statistical significance.
There was no mortality and only three hospitalizations. Authors provide no details on the cause of hospitalization, but they appear to be unrelated to COVID-19. eFigure 5 shows no COVID-19 clinical progression to hospitalization (note that a hospitalization can be seen in the equivalent plot for the low dose arm), and the text indicates that the "COVID clinical progression scale simplified into a self-reported evaluation of home levels (limited vs not)".
Note that the urgent care/ER visit outcome is also likely diluted due to inclusion of all-cause events, and could be statistically significant for only COVID-19 events.
The sustained recovery outcome, which shows no difference, was a post-hoc creation used to hide efficacy for ivermectin, and is not logical for evaluating efficacy in this trial. The definition includes any minor symptom within a three day period - e.g., any minor cough, headache, body ache, or fatigue that occurs in a three day period, regardless of cause, results in the treatment being considered a failure. For example, late treatment that is effective at minimizing progression, but has no improvement in resolution of cough, would not be detected. (Authors even use the end of the three day period to further minimize efficacy).
Late treatment - median 5 days, 75% 4+ days, 25% 7+ days, up to 12 days.
Also see Naggie for many issues with this trial, and McCarthy for the lower dose arm.
risk of progression, 31.0% lower, RR 0.69, p = 0.34, treatment 14 of 589 (2.4%), control 21 of 586 (3.6%), NNT 83, adjusted per study, urgent or emergency care visits, hospitalizations, or death.
clinical progression, 34.0% lower, OR 0.66, p = 0.32, treatment 589, control 586, mid-recovery, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
clinical progression, 15.0% higher, OR 1.15, p = 0.68, treatment 589, control 586, day 7, RR approximated with OR.
clinical progression, 6.0% lower, OR 0.94, p = 0.90, treatment 589, control 586, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
recovery time, 1.5% lower, relative time 0.99, treatment 589, control 586, mean time unwell.
risk of no recovery, 1.0% higher, HR 1.01, p = 0.86, treatment 589, control 586, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, post-hoc primary outcome.
risk of hospitalization, 49.0% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.59, treatment 1 of 589 (0.2%), control 2 of 586 (0.3%), NNT 583, non-COVID-19 hospitalization, day 28.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Stewart et al., 13 Sep 2023, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, 32 authors, study period 5 August, 2022 - 20 January, 2023, average treatment delay 5.0 days, trial NCT04885530 (history) (ACTIV-6). Contact: susanna.naggie@duke.edu.
This PaperFluvoxamineAll
Higher-Dose Fluvoxamine and Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With COVID-19
PhD Thomas G Stewart, MD, MSc Paulina A Rebolledo, MD Ahmad Mourad, PhD Christopher J Lindsell, MD, MPH David R Boulware, MD Matthew W Mccarthy, Florence Thicklin, Idania T Garcia Del Sol, MD, MPH Carolyn T Bramante, MD Leslie A Lenert, MS Stephen Lim, MD; John C Williamson, Orlando Quintero Cardona, MD Jake Scott, MD Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt, PhD Adit A Ginde, MD, MPH Mario Castro, MD, MPH Dushyantha Jayaweera, MD Mark Sulkowski, MD Nina Gentile, MD Kathleen Mctigue, G Michael Felker, MD, MHS Allison Delong, BS Rhonda Wilder, MS Russell L Rothman, MD, MPP Sean Collins, MD, MSci Sarah E Dunsmore, PhD; Stacey J Adam, PhD; George J Hanna, MD Elizabeth Shenkman, PhD Adrian F Hernandez, MD, MHS Susanna Naggie, Ryan Fraser, Mark Ward, Jennifer Gamboa Jackman, M Patricia Mcadams, Julia Vail, Kayla Korzekwinski, Martina Oyelakin, Julie Chopp, Desmon Randle, Samantha Dockery, Rodney Adkins, Mathew Crow, Erin Nowell, Kadie Wells, Alicia Herbert, Allegra Stone, Heather Heavlin, Linley Brown, Tina Harding, Amanda Harrington, Meaghan Beauchaine, Kelly Lindblom, Andrea Burns, David Aamodt, Jess Collins, Sheri Dixon, Yue Gao, John Graves, James Grindstaff, Frank Harrell, Jessica Lai, Vicky Liao, Itzel Lopez, Elizabeth Manis, Kalley Mankowski, Jessica Marlin, Alyssa Merkel, Sam Nwosu, Savannah Obregon, Dirk Orozco, Nelson Prato, Max Rohde, Jana Shirey-Rice, Krista Vermillion, Jacob Smith, Hsi-Nien Tan, Meghan Vance, Maria Weir, William (kelly) Vincent, Raina Vincent, Ray Bianchi, Jen Premas, Diana Cordero-Loperena, Evelyn Rivera, Madhu Gupta, Greg Karawan, Joseph Arena, Sonaly Dealmeida, Soroush Ramin, Jaya Nataraj, Julien Dedier, Ana Maria Ramirez, Katherine Waite, Jason Okulicz, Joseph Marcus, Alexis Southwell, Genice Jacques, Cedar Sexton, David Miller, Ginger Brounce, Constance George-Adebayo, Adeolu Adebayo, Jose Zapatero, Julie Clement, Theresa Ronan, Ashley Woods, Christopher Gallegos, Tamara Flys, Olivia Sloan, Anthony Olofintuyi, Joshua Samraj, Jackelyn Samraj, Alma Vasbinder, Amaya Averett, Alex Slandzicki, Aaron Milstone, Jessica Wallan, Lindsey Robbs, Claudia Vogel, Sebastian Munoz, David Kavtaradze, Casandra Watson, David Singleton, Marcus Sevier, Maria Rivon, Arnold Del Pilar, Amber Spangler, Sohail Rao, Luis Cantu, Arvind Krishna, Heidi Daugherty, Brandi Kerr, Kathy Evans, Robert Spees, Mailyn Marta, Rowena Dolor, Lorraine Vergara, Jackie Jordan, Valencia Burruss, Terri Hurst, Igho Ofotokun, MD, MSc Paulina A Rebolledo, Cecilia Zhang, Veronica E Smith, Rajesh Prabhu, Krystal Klicka, Amber Lightfeather, Vickie James, Marcella Rogers, Pradeep Parihar, De'ambra Torress, Chukwuemeka Oragwu, Ngozi Oguego, Rajesh Pillai, Mustafa Juma, Ahab Gabriel, Emad Ghaly, Marian Michal, Michelle Vasquez, Angela Mamon, Michelle Sheets, Gammal Hassanien, Samah Ismail, Yehia Samir, Andrew Meltzer, Soroush Shahamatdar, Ryan S Heidish, Scott Brehaut, Angelina Roche, Manisha Mehta, Nicole Koppinger, Jose Baez, Ivone Pagan, Dallal Abdelsayed, Mina Aziz, Philip Robinson, Grace Lozinski, Julie Nguyen, Alvin Griffin, Michael Morris, Nicole Love, Bonnie Mattox, Raykel Martin, Victoria Pardue, Teddy Rowland, Juan Ruiz-Unger, Lionel Reyes, Yadira Zamora, Navila Bacallao, John Cienki, Jonathan Cohen, Ying Yuan, Jenny Li, Jeremy Szeto, MD Mark Sulkowski, Lauren Stelmash, Idania Garcia Del Sol, Ledular Morales Castillo, Anya Gutierrez, Sabrina Prieto, Arch Amon, Andrew Barbera, Andrew Bugajski, Walter Wills, Kellcee Jacklin, Deryl Lamb, Amron Harper, Elmer Stout, Katherine Weeks, Merischia Griffin, Nancy Pyram-Bernard, Arlen Quintero, Eftim Adhami, Giovanni Carrillo, Josette Maria, Diksha Paudel, Oksana Raymond, Jeffrey Summers, Tammy Turner, Ebony Panaccione, Elizabeth Szwast, Ahsan Abdulghani, Pravin Vasoya, Conrad Miller, Hawa Wiley, Austin Chan, Saadia Khizer, Nirav Shah, Oluwadamilola Adeyemi, Wei Ning Chi, July Chen, Melissa Morton-Jost, Julie Castex, Phillip Feliciano, Jacqueline Olivo, Maria Maldonado, Anthony Vecchiarelli, Diana Gaytan-Alvarez, Vijaya Cherukuri, Santia Lima, Radica Alicic, Allison A Lambert, Carissa Urbat, Joni Baxter, Ann Cooper, Dawn Linn, Laura Fisher, Vijay Patel
JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2023.23363
IMPORTANCE The effect of higher-dose fluvoxamine in reducing symptom duration among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of fluvoxamine, 100 mg twice daily, compared with placebo, for treating mild to moderate COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The ACTIV-6 platform randomized clinical trial aims to evaluate repurposed medications for mild to moderate COVID-19. Between August 25, 2022, and January 20, 2023, a total of 1175 participants were enrolled at 103 US sites for evaluating fluvoxamine; participants were 30 years or older with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and at least 2 acute COVID-19 symptoms for 7 days or less. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to receive fluvoxamine, 50 mg twice daily on day 1 followed by 100 mg twice daily for 12 additional days (n = 601), or placebo (n = 607). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was time to sustained recovery (defined as at least 3 consecutive days without symptoms). Secondary outcomes included time to death; time to hospitalization or death; a composite of hospitalization, urgent care visit, emergency department visit, or death; COVID-19 clinical progression scale score; and difference in mean time unwell. Follow-up occurred through day 28. RESULTS Among 1208 participants who were randomized and received the study drug, the median (IQR) age was 50 (40-60) years, 65.8% were women, 45.5% identified as Hispanic/Latino, and 76.8% reported receiving at least 2 doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Among 589 participants who received fluvoxamine and 586 who received placebo included in the primary analysis, differences in time to sustained recovery were not observed (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.99 [95% credible interval, 0.89-1.09]; P for efficacy = .40]). Additionally, unadjusted median time to sustained recovery was 10 (95% CI, 10-11) days in both the intervention and placebo groups. No deaths were reported. Thirty-five participants reported health care use events (a priori defined as death, hospitalization, or emergency department/urgent care visit): 14 in the fluvoxamine group compared with 21 in the placebo group (HR, 0.69 [95% credible interval, 0.27-1.21]; P for efficacy = .86) There were 7 serious adverse events in 6 participants (2 with fluvoxamine and 4 with placebo) but no deaths. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19, treatment with fluvoxamine does not reduce duration of COVID-19 symptoms.
References
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{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 18]], 'date-time': '2023-11-18T00:39:48Z', 'timestamp': 1700267988727}, 'reference-count': 19, 'publisher': 'American Medical Association (AMA)', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Importance</jats:title><jats:p>The effect of higher-dose fluvoxamine in ' 'reducing symptom duration among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 remains ' 'uncertain.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To assess ' 'the effectiveness of fluvoxamine, 100 mg twice daily, compared with placebo, for treating ' 'mild to moderate COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, Setting, and ' 'Participants</jats:title><jats:p>The ACTIV-6 platform randomized clinical trial aims to ' 'evaluate repurposed medications for mild to moderate COVID-19. Between August 25, 2022, and ' 'January 20, 2023, a total of 1175 participants were enrolled at 103 US sites for evaluating ' 'fluvoxamine; participants were 30 years or older with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and at ' 'least 2 acute COVID-19 symptoms for 7 days or ' 'less.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions</jats:title><jats:p>Participants ' 'were randomized to receive fluvoxamine, 50 mg twice daily on day 1 followed by 100 mg twice ' 'daily for 12 additional days (n\u2009=\u2009601), or placebo (n\u2009=\u2009' '607).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcomes and ' 'Measures</jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was time to sustained recovery (defined as ' 'at least 3 consecutive days without symptoms). Secondary outcomes included time to death; ' 'time to hospitalization or death; a composite of hospitalization, urgent care visit, ' 'emergency department visit, or death; COVID-19 clinical progression scale score; and ' 'difference in mean time unwell. Follow-up occurred through day ' '28.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Among 1208 ' 'participants who were randomized and received the study drug, the median (IQR) age was 50 ' '(40-60) years, 65.8% were women, 45.5% identified as Hispanic/Latino, and 76.8% reported ' 'receiving at least 2 doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Among 589 participants who received ' 'fluvoxamine and 586 who received placebo included in the primary analysis, differences in ' 'time to sustained recovery were not observed (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.99 [95% credible ' 'interval, 0.89-1.09]; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> for efficacy\u2009=\u2009.40]). ' 'Additionally, unadjusted median time to sustained recovery was 10 (95% CI, 10-11) days in ' 'both the intervention and placebo groups. No deaths were reported. Thirty-five participants ' 'reported health care use events (a priori defined as death, hospitalization, or emergency ' 'department/urgent care visit): 14 in the fluvoxamine group compared with 21 in the placebo ' 'group (HR, 0.69 [95% credible interval, 0.27-1.21]; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> for ' 'efficacy\u2009=\u2009.86) There were 7 serious adverse events in 6 participants (2 with ' 'fluvoxamine and 4 with placebo) but no ' 'deaths.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and ' 'Relevance</jats:title><jats:p>Among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19, treatment ' 'with fluvoxamine does not reduce duration of COVID-19 ' 'symptoms.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial ' 'Registration</jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link ' 'xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" ' 'xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04885530">NCT04885530</jats:ext-link></jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2023.23363', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 17]], 'date-time': '2023-11-17T16:31:12Z', 'timestamp': 1700238672000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Higher-Dose Fluvoxamine and Time to Sustained Recovery in Outpatients With COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.1001', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Thomas G.', 'family': 'Stewart', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville'}]}, { 'given': 'Paulina A.', 'family': 'Rebolledo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine and Global Health, Division of Infectious ' 'Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Rollins School ' 'of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia'}]}, { 'given': 'Ahmad', 'family': 'Mourad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, ' 'Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research 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'Jake', 'family': 'Scott', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ' 'Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford, ' 'California'}]}, { 'given': 'Tiffany', 'family': 'Schwasinger-Schmidt', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Center for ' 'Clinical Research, Wichita'}]}, { 'given': 'Adit A.', 'family': 'Ginde', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora'}]}, { 'given': 'Mario', 'family': 'Castro', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, ' 'University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas ' 'City'}]}, { 'given': 'Dushyantha', 'family': 'Jayaweera', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of ' 'Miami, Miami, Florida'}]}, { 'given': 'Mark', 'family': 'Sulkowski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, ' 'Baltimore, Maryland'}]}, { 'given': 'Nina', 'family': 'Gentile', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Emergency Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine ' 'at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania'}]}, { 'given': 'Kathleen', 'family': 'McTigue', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, ' 'Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania'}]}, { 'given': 'G. Michael', 'family': 'Felker', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, ' 'Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'Allison', 'family': 'DeLong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'Rhonda', 'family': 'Wilder', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'Russell L.', 'family': 'Rothman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee'}]}, { 'given': 'Sean', 'family': 'Collins', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ {'name': 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee'}, { 'name': 'Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric ' 'Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville'}]}, { 'given': 'Sarah E.', 'family': 'Dunsmore', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, ' 'Maryland'}]}, { 'given': 'Stacey J.', 'family': 'Adam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, ' 'Maryland'}]}, { 'given': 'George J.', 'family': 'Hanna', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, ' 'Washington, DC'}]}, { 'given': 'Elizabeth', 'family': 'Shenkman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, College ' 'of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville'}]}, { 'given': 'Adrian F.', 'family': 'Hernandez', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, ' 'Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'Susanna', 'family': 'Naggie', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, ' 'Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'Ryan', 'family': 'Fraser', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Mark', 'family': 'Ward', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jennifer', 'family': 'Gamboa Jackman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'M. Patricia', 'family': 'McAdams', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Julia', 'family': 'Vail', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Kayla', 'family': 'Korzekwinski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Martina', 'family': 'Oyelakin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines (ACTIV)-6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Julie', 'family': 'Chopp', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 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'volume-title': 'Survival Analysis [R Package Survival]', 'author': 'Therneau', 'year': '2023'}, { 'key': 'joi230138r4', 'unstructured': 'COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Accessed ' 'September 5, 2023. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/'}, { 'key': 'joi230138r17', 'unstructured': 'COVID-19 provisional counts: health disparities. Centers for Disease ' 'Control and Prevention. Accessed September 5, 2023. ' 'https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/health_disparities.htm'}], 'container-title': 'JAMA', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2812204/jama_stewart_2023_oi_230138_1700012803.18294.pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 17]], 'date-time': '2023-11-17T16:31:17Z', 'timestamp': 1700238677000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812204'}}, 'subtitle': ['The ACTIV-6 Randomized Clinical Trial'], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 17]]}, 'references-count': 19, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.23363', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0098-7484'], 'subject': ['General Medicine'], 'container-title-short': 'JAMA', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 17]]}}
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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