Prevalence and Risk Factors of Headache Associated with COVID-19
Oľga Duraníková, Simona Horváthová, Peter Sabaka, Michal Minár, Veronika Boleková, Igor Straka, Peter Valkovič
Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13175013
Background: Headache is a prevalent and disabling non-respiratory symptom of COVID-19, posing a persistent challenge in post-COVID syndrome. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, phenotypes, risk factors and biomarkers associated with COVID-related headaches. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 634 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was conducted, with 295 participants being followed up 12-15 months post-discharge via telephone call. Initial laboratory workups, including complete blood count and various biochemical parameters, were compared between headache and non-headache groups. Results: One-third of hospitalized patients experienced headaches, predominantly younger individuals (p < 0.001) and women (p = 0.002). Non-dominant headaches were characterized as dull (56.9%) and holocranial (26.5%), while dominant headaches were unilateral (31.3%) with photophobia (34.3%) and nausea (56.3%). Persistent headaches were unilateral (40%) and pulsating (38%) with phonophobia (74%). Decreased CD4 T cells independently predicted COVID-associated headaches, with elevated IL-6 levels noted in the dominant-headache group (p = 0.040). Remarkably, 50% of patients reported persistent headaches 12-15 months post-infection. Dexamethasone administration significantly reduced the likelihood of long-COVID headaches (52% vs. 73%, p = 0.029). Conclusions: Headache was present in one-third of patients with heterogenous phenotypes: tension headache in the non-dominant group, and migraine in the dominant and persistent headache groups. Persistent headache remains a challenge, with dexamethasone showing potential in reducing its incidence, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in managing long-COVID headaches.
Author Contributions: O.D.: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, project administration, formal analysis, writing-original draft; S.H.: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, formal analysis, writing-review and editing, P.S.: conceptualization, methodology, writing-review and editing, M.M.: conceptualization, methodology, writing-review and editing, supervision, V.B.: methodology, writing-review and editing, I.S.: conceptualization, methodology, writing-review and editing, supervision, P.V.: writing-review and editing, supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Informed Consent Statement: Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study and potential risks of participation. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the enrolment and verbal informed consent during telephone survey.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Background: Headache is a prevalent and disabling non-respiratory symptom of '
'COVID-19, posing a persistent challenge in post-COVID syndrome. This study aimed to determine '
'the prevalence, phenotypes, risk factors and biomarkers associated with COVID-related '
'headaches. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 634 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was '
'conducted, with 295 participants being followed up 12–15 months post-discharge via telephone '
'call. Initial laboratory workups, including complete blood count and various biochemical '
'parameters, were compared between headache and non-headache groups. Results: One-third of '
'hospitalized patients experienced headaches, predominantly younger individuals (p < 0.001) '
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'headaches, with elevated IL-6 levels noted in the dominant-headache group (p = 0.040). '
'Remarkably, 50% of patients reported persistent headaches 12–15 months post-infection. '
'Dexamethasone administration significantly reduced the likelihood of long-COVID headaches '
'(52% vs. 73%, p = 0.029). Conclusions: Headache was present in one-third of patients with '
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'dominant and persistent headache groups. Persistent headache remains a challenge, with '
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'O., Trenado, C., Ruge, D., García-Aguilar, G., and López-Cortés, V.A. '
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