Review of how bioactive compounds quercetin, curcumin, and β-glucan regulate innate immunity through the gut-liver-brain axis, with focus on COVID-19. Authors describe how SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers excessive immune activation and cytokine storm, highlighting the potential benefit of immunomodulatory interventions. The review examines how these three compounds can help regulate innate immunity through multiple mechanisms including enhancing macrophage phagocytosis, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, and maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. Quercetin is shown to work primarily by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating the NF-κB pathway, while curcumin acts by inhibiting immune signaling molecules and protecting the blood-brain barrier. β-glucan functions by stimulating TLR4 receptors and activating macrophages while maintaining pro- and anti-inflammatory balance. Authors explain how these compounds work through the gut-liver-brain axis by preventing harmful microbial entry, inhibiting inflammatory nuclear factors through metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, and modulating the intestinal microbiota. Authors emphasize how dietary interventions with these bioactive compounds, naturally found in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, represents a promising strategy for enhancing innate immunity against viral infections like COVID-19.
Reviews covering quercetin for COVID-19 include1-18.
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