Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical Applications—A Review

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-11-21T00:15:23Z', 'timestamp': 1700525723592}, 'reference-count': 158, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '11', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 20]], 'date-time': '2023-11-20T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1700438400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [{'name': 'Queen’s University Belfast'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Quercetin is the major polyphenolic flavonoid that belongs to the class called ' 'flavanols. It is found in many foods, such as green tea, cranberry, apple, onions, asparagus, ' 'radish leaves, buckwheat, blueberry, broccoli, and coriander. It occurs in many different ' 'forms, but the most abundant quercetin derivatives are glycosides and ethers, namely, ' 'Quercetin 3-O-glycoside, Quercetin 3-sulfate, Quercetin 3-glucuronide, and Quercetin ' '3′-metylether. Quercetin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antiviral, and ' 'antibacterial effects. It is found to be beneficial against cardiovascular diseases, cancer, ' 'diabetes, neuro-degenerative diseases, allergy asthma, peptic ulcers, osteoporosis, ' 'arthritis, and eye disorders. In pre-clinical and clinical investigations, its impacts on ' 'various signaling pathways and molecular targets have demonstrated favorable benefits for the ' 'activities mentioned above, and some global clinical trials have been conducted to validate ' 'its therapeutic profile. It is also utilized as a nutraceutical due to its pharmacological ' 'properties. Although quercetin has several pharmacological benefits, its clinical use is ' 'restricted due to its poor water solubility, substantial first-pass metabolism, and ' 'consequent low bioavailability. To circumvent this limited bioavailability, a quercetin-based ' 'nanoformulation has been considered in recent times as it manifests increased quercetin ' 'uptake by the epithelial system and enhances the delivery of quercetin to the target site. ' 'This review mainly focuses on pharmacological action, clinical trials, patents, marketed ' 'products, and approaches to improving the bioavailability of quercetin with the use of a ' 'nanoformulation.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/ph16111631', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 20]], 'date-time': '2023-11-20T15:32:32Z', 'timestamp': 1700494352000}, 'page': '1631', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical ' 'Applications—A Review', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '16', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-7601', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Mohd Aamir', 'family': 'Mirza', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education ' 'and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India'}]}, { 'given': 'Syed', 'family': 'Mahmood', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, ' 'Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia'}]}, { 'given': 'Ayah Rebhi', 'family': 'Hilles', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'INHART, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, ' 'Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-3896', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Abuzer', 'family': 'Ali', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taif ' 'University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia'}]}, { 'given': 'Mohammed Zaafar', 'family': 'Khan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education ' 'and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India'}]}, { 'given': 'Syed Amir Azam', 'family': 'Zaidi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education ' 'and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India'}]}, { 'given': 'Zeenat', 'family': 'Iqbal', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education ' 'and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India'}]}, { 'given': 'Yi', 'family': 'Ge', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, ' 'UK'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 20]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Massi, A., Bortolini, O., Ragno, D., Bernardi, T., Sacchetti, G., ' 'Tacchini, M., and De Risi, C. 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