Supplementary Data — Ursodeoxycholic acid for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 21 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 19V19
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Yu 39% 0.61 [0.38-0.99] no recov. 65 (n) 50 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Brevini (PSM) 94% 0.06 [0.00-2.37] death 0/31 14/155 Brevini (PSM) 67% 0.33 [0.05-2.43] ventilation 1/31 15/155 Brevini (PSM) 75% 0.25 [0.03-1.79] ICU 1/31 20/155 Brevini (PSM) 40% 0.60 [0.37-0.99] hosp. 11/31 91/155 John (PSM) 42% 0.58 [0.22-1.54] death 1,607 (n) 1,607 (n) John (PSM) 54% 0.46 [0.23-0.93] severe case 1,607 (n) 1,607 (n) John (PSM) 55% 0.45 [0.27-0.75] m/s case 1,607 (n) 1,607 (n) John (PSM) 50% 0.50 [0.36-0.69] symp. case 1,607 (n) 1,607 (n) John (PSM) 48% 0.52 [0.39-0.70] cases 1,607 (n) 1,607 (n) Li 40% 0.60 [0.15-2.48] hosp. 3/225 5/225 Li 29% 0.71 [0.65-0.79] hosp. time 225 (n) 225 (n) Li 80% 0.20 [0.02-1.70] severe case 1/225 5/225 Li 80% 0.20 [0.10-0.38] m/s case 10/225 50/225 Li (PSM) 11% 0.89 [0.77-0.97] cases 192/225 212/225 Yu 38% 0.62 [0.38-1.01] no recov. 62 (n) 45 (n) Liu -2% 1.02 [0.83-1.25] cases 95/146 51/80 Liu -4% 1.04 [0.90-1.20] cases 118/146 62/80 Okushin (PSM) 17% 0.83 [0.40-1.74] symp. case 10/47 12/47 Okushin (PSM) 0% 1.00 [0.57-1.76] cases 16/47 16/47 Okushin (PSM) 0% 1.00 [0.46-2.18] symp. case 10/47 10/47 Okushin (PSM) -7% 1.07 [0.60-1.90] cases 16/47 15/47 Ojeda-Fernández -7% 1.07 [0.79-1.44] death 54/219 259/1,141 Ojeda-Fernández 4% 0.96 [0.25-3.65] ICU 3/219 15/1,141 Ojeda-Fernández -6% 1.06 [0.83-1.36] hosp. 77/219 393/1,141 Ojeda-Fernández 3% 0.97 [0.81-1.16] cases n/a n/a Ojeda-Fernández -1% 1.01 [0.81-1.27] cases 83/1,687 399/7,930 Ojeda-Fernández 9% 0.91 [0.66-1.19] cases 43/1,125 273/6,731 Marrone -7% 1.07 [0.69-1.64] death 26/108 118/521 Ming 13% 0.87 [0.77-0.98] cases 185/3,804 297/5,060 high vs. low Gao 12% 0.88 [0.75-0.99] cases 114/163 183/230 Costello 24% 0.76 [0.53-1.08] death 7,225 (n) 4,080 (n) Costello 19% 0.81 [0.68-0.96] hosp. 7,225 (n) 4,080 (n) Costello 21% 0.79 [0.67-0.93] death/hosp. 7,225 (n) 4,080 (n) Corpechot -54% 1.54 [0.44-5.40] death 3/1,322 13/8,825 Corpechot 19% 0.81 [0.29-2.28] ICU 4/1,322 33/8,825 Corpechot 40% 0.60 [0.29-1.24] hosp. 1,322 (n) 8,825 (n) Corpechot 52% 0.48 [0.20-1.19] hosp. 6/1,322 80/8,825 Corpechot 7% 0.93 [0.26-3.29] hosp. case control Cui (PSM) 48% 0.52 [0.31-0.89] no recov. 13/64 51/131 Cui (PSM) 83% 0.17 [0.06-0.49] cases 78 (n) 137 (n) Zheng 62% 0.38 [0.16-0.91] death 42 (n) 125 (n) Li (PSM) 21% 0.79 [0.69-0.90] symp. case 93/128 59/64 Li (PSM) 19% 0.81 [0.71-0.91] cases 95/128 59/64 Li 18% 0.82 [0.68-0.99] progression 93 (n) 59 (n) Li 18% 0.82 [0.68-0.98] progression 63/93 49/59 Li 26% 0.74 [0.60-0.92] progression 55/93 47/59 Li 57% 0.43 [0.31-0.59] progression 31/93 46/59 Li -5% 1.05 [0.73-1.51] progression 43/93 26/59 Li 18% 0.82 [0.56-1.20] progression 35/93 27/59 Li 31% 0.69 [0.47-1.02] progression 35/93 32/59 Li -34% 1.34 [0.83-2.16] progression 36/93 17/59 Li -13% 1.13 [0.64-2.00] progression 25/93 14/59 Li 10% 0.90 [0.46-1.74] progression 17/93 12/59 Li -11% 1.11 [0.50-2.48] progression 14/93 8/59 Lee 57% 0.43 [0.12-1.52] severe case 2,934 (n) 2,934 (n) Lee (PSM) 79% 0.21 [0.09-0.46] severe case 414 (n) 414 (n) Lee (PSM) 23% 0.77 [0.62-0.95] severe case 2,934 (n) 2,934 (n) Lee 15% 0.85 [0.67-1.09] cases population-based cohort Lee (PSM) 29% 0.71 [0.52-0.98] cases 20,296 (n) 20,296 (n) Lee (PSM) 7% 0.93 [0.90-0.96] cases population-based cohort Moon (PSM) 33% 0.67 [0.46-0.98] severe case case control Moon (PSM) 20% 0.80 [0.76-0.85] cases case control Sakamaki -79% 1.79 [1.69-1.89] severe case population-based cohort Okushin (PSM) -72% 1.72 [1.07-2.78] death 43/578 25/578 Okushin (PSM) -57% 1.57 [0.61-4.03] ventilation 11/578 7/578 Okushin (PSM) -3% 1.03 [0.83-1.28] oxygen 131/578 127/578 Okushin (PSM) -4% 1.04 [0.94-1.15] hosp. 325/578 313/578 Hu 89% 0.11 [0.01-0.87] severe case 1/309 9/309 Hu 25% 0.75 [0.69-0.81] symp. case 216/309 289/309 Ursodeoxycholic acid COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 Favors UDCA Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.