Prevalence and associating factors of long COVID in pediatric patients during the Delta and the Omicron variants

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 5, 25]], 'date-time': '2023-05-25T04:06:39Z', 'timestamp': 1684987599533}, 'reference-count': 25, 'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 5, 24]], 'date-time': '2023-05-24T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1684886400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [{'award': ['\xa0']}, {'award': ['\xa0']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['frontiersin.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>The number of pediatric COVID-19 ' 'infections is increasing; however, the data on long COVID conditions in children is still ' 'limited. Our study aimed to find the prevalence of long COVID in children during the Delta ' 'and Omicron waves, as well as associated ' 'factors.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>A single-center ' 'prospective cohort study was conducted. We included 802 RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 pediatric ' 'patients in the Delta and Omicron periods. Long COVID was defined as having symptoms for ≥3 ' 'months after infection. Parents and/or patients were interviewed by phone. Multivariable ' 'logistic regression was performed to find associated factors with long ' 'COVID.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The overall ' 'prevalence of long COVID was 30.2%. The Delta period had more prevalence than the Omicron ' '(36.3% vs. 23.9%). Common symptoms for patients 0–3 years’ old were loss of appetite, ' 'rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. Conversely, patients 3–18 years’ old had hair loss, dyspnea ' 'on exertion, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. However, there was no significant negative ' 'impact on daily life. Most symptoms improved after a 6-month follow-up. Factors associated ' 'with long COVID-19 conditions were infection during the Omicron period (adjusted OR: 0.54; ' '95% CI: 0.39–0.74, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), fever (adjusted ' 'OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.01–2.20, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) and rhinorrhea ' '(adjusted OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.06–2.02, <jats:italic>P\u2009</jats:italic>=\u2009' '0.02).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Infection ' 'during the Omicron wave has a lower prevalence of long COVID. The prognosis is often ' 'favorable, and most symptoms gradually become less. However, pediatricians may schedule ' 'appointments to surveil long COVID in children with fever or rhinorrhea as an initial ' 'symptom.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.3389/fped.2023.1127582', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 5, 24]], 'date-time': '2023-05-24T05:45:00Z', 'timestamp': 1684907100000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Prevalence and associating factors of long COVID in pediatric patients during the Delta and the ' 'Omicron variants', 'prefix': '10.3389', 'volume': '11', 'author': [ {'given': 'Tananya', 'family': 'Lokanuwatsatien', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Araya', 'family': 'Satdhabudha', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Auchara', 'family': 'Tangsathapornpong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Pornumpa', 'family': 'Bunjoungmanee', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 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