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The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients

Jin et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591
Apr 2024  
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Zinc for COVID-19
2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020
 
*, now with p = 0.00000032 from 46 studies, recognized in 17 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
4,800+ studies for 98 treatments. c19early.org
Review of zinc for the immune system and COVID-19. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system, immune cell function, and cell signaling. Authors discuss the importance of zinc in human health, zinc homeostasis, and zinc uptake. Zinc deficiency can lead to an imbalance in the immune system and increased susceptibility to viral infections, including COVID-19. The review explores the mechanisms by which zinc boosts the immune system, enhances the actions of immune cells, and regulates immune reactions. Clinically, COVID-19 patients have shown an imbalance in zinc levels, with low zinc levels being common. Authors propose several potential mechanisms by which zinc is beneficial for SARS-CoV-2 including impairing viral replication, inducing anti-inflammatory interleukins, and preventing virus entry into cells.
Reviews covering zinc for COVID-19 include1-14.
Jin et al., 19 Apr 2024, peer-reviewed, 9 authors. Contact: zliu1111@163.com, hbliu@glmc.edu.cn.
This PaperZincAll
The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients
Di Jin, Xinran Wei, Yunyi He, Luying Zhong, Huijie Lu, Jiaxin Lan, Yuting Wei, Zheng Liu, Hongbo Liu
Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591
Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 20]], 'date-time': '2024-04-20T00:30:10Z', 'timestamp': 1713573010014}, 'reference-count': 137, 'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-04-19T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1713484800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001809', 'name': 'National Natural Science Foundation of China', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['32260175, 82160313']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100004607', 'name': 'Guangxi Natural Science Foundation', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['2020GXNSFDA297027, 2018GXNSFAA281048']}, {'award': ['2020011202']}, {'award': ['AD19110161']}, {}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['frontiersin.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular ' 'activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in ' 'the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where ' 'there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by ' 'SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the ' 'maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that ' 'plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell ' 'signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its ' 'role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper ' 'encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of ' 'providing specific insights into Zn research.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-04-19T04:43:03Z', 'timestamp': 1713501783000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients', 'prefix': '10.3389', 'volume': '11', 'author': [ {'given': 'Di', 'family': 'Jin', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Xinran', 'family': 'Wei', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yunyi', 'family': 'He', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Luying', 'family': 'Zhong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Huijie', 'family': 'Lu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jiaxin', 'family': 'Lan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yuting', 'family': 'Wei', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Zheng', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hongbo', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '1965', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '110173', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173', 'article-title': 'Essential metals in health and disease', 'volume': '367', 'author': 'Jomova', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Chem Biol Interact'}, { 'key': 'ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1082500', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2022.1082500', 'article-title': 'The relationship between nutrition and the immune system', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Munteanu', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Front Nutr'}, { 'key': 'ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '181', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.07.001', 'article-title': 'The role of trace elements on hepatitis virus infections: a review', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Rashed', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'J Trace Elem Med Biol'}, { 'key': 'ref4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e1001176', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176', 'article-title': 'Zn (2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in ' 'vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in ' 'cell culture', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'te Velthuis', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog'}, { 'key': 'ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '23', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7', 'article-title': 'Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and ' 'their relations in association with severity and mortality in ' 'SARS-CoV-2 patients', 'volume': '201', 'author': 'Pvsn', 'year': '2023', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'}, { 'key': 'ref6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '748', 'DOI': '10.1001/archinte.159.7.748', 'article-title': 'Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and ' 'infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized ' 'controlled trial. 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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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