The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients
Di Jin, Xinran Wei, Yunyi He, Luying Zhong, Huijie Lu, Jiaxin Lan, Yuting Wei, Zheng Liu, Hongbo Liu
Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591
Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Abdelmaksoud, Ghweil, Hassan, Khodeary, Aref, Olfactory disturbances as presenting manifestation among Egyptian patients with COVID-19: possible role of zinc, Biol Trace Elem Res,
doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02546-5Abebe, Dejenie, Ayele, Baye, Teshome et al., The role of regulatory B cells in health and diseases: a systemic review, J Inflamm Res,
doi:10.2147/JIR.S286426Andrew, Gail, Morag, Kishor, Recommended reference intervals for copper and zinc in serum using the US National Health and nutrition examination surveys (NHANES) data, Clin Chim Acta,
doi:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117397Anzilotti, Swan, Boisson, Deobagkar-Lele, Oliveira et al., An essential role for the Zn2+ transporter ZIP7 in B cell development, Nat Immunol,
doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0295-8Barman, Salwa, Ghosh, Rahman, Uddin et al., Reference value for serum zinc level of adult population in Bangladesh, EJIFCC
Bird, Mccall, Kramer, Blankman, Winge et al., Zinc fingers can act as Zn2+ sensors to regulate transcriptional activation domain function, EMBO J,
doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg484Bonaventura, Benedetti, Albarède, Miossec, Prasad, Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts, Autoimmun Rev,
doi:10.1086/315916Castro-Alba, Lazarte, Bergenståhl, Granfeldt, Phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium content of common Bolivian foods and their estimated mineral bioavailability, Food Sci Nutr,
doi:10.1002/fsn3.1127Chan, Mike, The science and practice of micronutrient supplementations in nutritional anemia: an evidence-based review, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr,
doi:10.1177/0148607114533726Cheng, Chen, Aberrance of zinc metalloenzymes-induced human diseases and its potential mechanisms, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu13124456Costa, Sarmento-Ribeiro, Gonçalves, Zinc: from biological functions to therapeutic potential, Int J Mol Sci,
doi:10.3390/ijms24054822Coulon, Hurtaud, Remond, Verite, Factors contributing to variation in the proportion of casein in cows' milk true protein: a review of recent INRA experiments, J Dairy Res,
doi:10.1017/s0022029998002866Day, Adamski, Dordevic, Murgia, Genetic variations as modifying factors to dietary zinc requirements-a systematic review, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu9020148Degerud, Manger, Strand, Dierkes, Bioavailability of iron, vitamin a, zinc, and folic acid when added to condiments and seasonings, Ann N Y Acad Sci,
doi:10.1111/nyas.12947Eijkelkamp, Morey, Ween, Ong, Mcewan et al., Extracellular zinc competitively inhibits manganese uptake and compromises oxidative stress management in Streptococcus pneumoniae, PLoS One,
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089427Faghfouri, Baradaran, Khabbazi, Bishak, Zarezadeh et al., Profiling inflammatory cytokines following zinc supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials, J Immunol Res,
doi:10.1155/2020/9207279Farolfi, Cavazza, Mangiagalli, Cavanna, A 98-year-old male with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation treated for COVID-19 at home, Cureus,
doi:10.7759/cureus.30653Frydrych, Krośniak, Jurowski, The role of chosen essential elements (Zn, cu, se, Fe, Mn) in food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) dedicated to oncology patients-critical review: state-of-the-art, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu15041012Gao, Dai, Zhao, Wang, The role of zinc and zinc homeostasis in macrophage function, J Immunol Res,
doi:10.1155/2018/6872621Girodon, Galan, Monget, Mc, Brunet-Lecomte et al., Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. MIN. VIT. AOX. Geriatric network, Arch Intern Med,
doi:10.1001/archinte.159.7.748Gouda, Adbelruhman, Elbendary, Alharbi, Alhamrani et al., Salgo MP. COVID-19: zinc and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) deficiencies as determinants of risk and severity of disease: a narrative review, Saudi J Biol Sci,
doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00478-8Guo, Chen, Yeh, Hsiung, Wang, Cu/Zn ratios are associated with nutritional status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune abnormalities in patients on peritoneal dialysis, Clin Biochem,
doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.12.017Haase, Ellinger, Linseisen, Neuhäuser-Berthold, Mgerman et al., Revised D-A-CH-reference values for the intake of zinc, J Trace Elem Med Biol,
doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126536Harbour, Ditoro, Witte, Zindl, Gao et al., TH17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity, Sci Immunol,
doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw2262Hedera, Fink, Bockenstedt, Brewer, Myelopolyneuropathy and pancytopenia due to copper deficiency and high zinc levels of unknown origin: further support for existence of a new zinc overload syndrome, Arch Neurol,
doi:10.1001/archneur.60.9.1303Hirano, Murakami, Fukada, Nishida, Yamasaki et al., Roles of zinc and zinc signaling in immunity: zinc as an intracellular signaling molecule, Adv Immunol,
doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)00003-5Holodova, Cobanova, Sefcikova, Barszcz, Tuśnio et al., Dietary zinc and fibre source can influence the mineral and antioxidant status of piglets, Animals,
doi:10.3390/ani9080497Hönscheid, Rink, Haase, T-lymphocytes: a target for stimulatory and inhibitory effects of zinc ions, Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets,
doi:10.2174/187153009788452390Jackson, Physiology of zinc: general aspects In
Jayawardena, Sooriyaarachchi, Chourdakis, Jeewandara, Ranasinghe, Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: a review, Diabetes Metab Syndr,
doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015Kamińska, Dęborska-Materkowska, Kościelska-Kasprzak, Mazanowska, Remiorz et al., Immunity after COVID-19 recovery and vaccination: similarities and differences, Vaccines,
doi:10.3390/vaccines10071068Kido, Hachisuka, Suka, Yanagisawa, Interleukin-4 administration or zinc supplementation is effective in preventing zinc deficiency-induced hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly, Biol Trace Elem Res,
doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02172-1Kim, Kim, Yoon, Yeo, Jung et al., Cytoplasmic zinc promotes IL-1β production by monocytes and macrophages through mTORC1-induced glycolysis in rheumatoid arthritis, Cell Death Dis,
doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401099Kitabayashi, Fukada, Kanamoto, Ohashi, Hojyo et al., Zinc suppresses Th17 development via inhibition of STAT3 activation, Int Immunol,
doi:10.1093/intimm/dxq017Kodama, Tanaka, Naito, Katayama, Moriyama, Japan's practical guidelines for zinc deficiency with a particular focus on taste disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver cirrhosis, Int J Mol Sci,
doi:10.3390/ijms21082941Kondaiah, Yaduvanshi, Sharp, Pullakhandam, Iron and zinc homeostasis and interactions: does enteric zinc excretion cross-talk with intestinal iron absorption?, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu11081885Kumar, Singh, Raigond, Sahu, Mishra et al., Phytic acid: blessing in disguise, a prime compound required for both plant and human nutrition, Food Res Int,
doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110193Lang, Murgia, Leong, Tan, Perozzi et al., Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,
doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837Liu, Wei, Gao, Gao, Li et al., Zbtb 34 promotes embryonic stem cell proliferation by elongating telomere length, Aging,
doi:10.18632/aging.204285Liu, Wei, Gao, Gao, Li, ZBTB34 is a hepatocellular carcinoma-associated protein with a monopartite nuclear localization signal, Aging,
doi:10.18632/aging.204987Medida, Sharma, Guo, Johnston, Urriola et al., Dietary zinc supplemented in organic form affects the expression of inflammatory molecules in swine intestine, Animals,
doi:10.3390/ani13152519Meerarani, Ramadass, Toborek, Bauer, Bauer et al., Zinc protects against apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by linoleic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha, Am J Clin Nutr,
doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.81Metz, Schröder, Overbeck, Kahmann, Plümäkers et al., T-helper type 1 cytokine release is enhanced by in vitro zinc supplementation due to increased natural killer cells, Nutrition,
doi:10.1016/j.nut.2006.10.007Mocchegiani, Giacconi, Cipriano, Malavolta, NK and NKT cells in aging and longevity: role of zinc and metallothioneins, J Clin Immunol,
doi:10.1007/s10875-009-9298-4Moroni, Paolo, Rigo, Cipriano, Giacconi et al., Interrelationship among neutrophil efficiency, inflammation, antioxidant activity and zinc pool in very old age, Biogerontology,
doi:10.1007/s10522-005-2625-0Mozaffar, Ardavani, Muzafar, Idris, The effectiveness of zinc supplementation in taste disorder treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Nutr Metab,
doi:10.1155/2023/6711071Muzzioli, Stecconi, Moresi, Provinciali, Zinc improves the development of human CD34+ cell progenitors towards NK cells and increases the expression of GATA-3 transcription factor in young and old ages, Biogerontology,
doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9201-3Park, Kwon, Park, Ha, Lee et al., Acute copper sulfate poisoning resulting from dermal absorption, Am J Ind Med,
doi:10.1002/ajim.22892Patel, Chinni, El-Khoury, Perera, Neto et al., A pilot double-blind safety and feasibility randomized controlled trial of high-dose intravenous zinc in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, J Trace Elem Med Biol,
doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126944Pvsn, Tomo, Purohit, Sankanagoudar, Charan et al., Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and their relations in association with severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients, Biol Trace Elem Res,
doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7Quek, Ooi, Teng, Chan, Ng et al., Zinc and vitamin C intake increases spike and neutralising antibody production following SARS-CoV-2 infection, Clin Transl Med,
doi:10.1002/ctm2.731Rahman, Idid, Ai, Elder, Hazin, Hypoglycemia induced by zinc supplementation for COVID-19 prophylaxis: a case series, Biol Trace Elem Res,
doi:10.7759/cureus.38828Razzaque, COVID-19 pandemic: can zinc supplementation provide an additional shield against the infection?, Comput Struct Biotechnol J,
doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.015Rosenberg, Thapa, Jeurkar, Kasner, Copper deficiency mimicking myelodysplastic syndrome: zinc supplementation in the setting of COVID-19, Case Rep Oncol,
doi:10.1159/000528899Rosenkranz, Metz, Maywald, Hilgers, Weßels et al., Zinc supplementation induces regulatory T cells by inhibition of Sirt-1 deacetylase in mixed lymphocyte cultures, Mol Nutr Food Res,
doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500524Rębacz-Maron, Baranowska-Bosiacka, Gutowska, Chlubek, Blood pressure and levels of Fe, ca, mg, Zn, cu, Na and K in the hair of young Bantu men from Tanzania, Biol Trace Elem Res,
doi:10.1007/s12011-012-9578-3Savino, Dardenne, Nutritional imbalances and infections affect the thymus: consequences on T-cell-mediated immune responses, Proc Nutr Soc,
doi:10.1017/S0029665110002545Shah, Firmal, Alam, Ganguly, Chattopadhyay, Overview of immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection: lessons from the past, Front Immunol,
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949Shankar, Prasad, Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection, Am J Clin Nutr,
doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447SSharma, Anderson, Dhawan, Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and ROS-triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human liver cells (hep G2), Apoptosis,
doi:10.1007/s10495-012-0705-6Sharonova, Vorobjev, Haas, Interaction between copper and zinc at GABA (a) receptors in acutely isolated cerebellar Purkinje cells of the rat, Br J Pharmacol,
doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703392Shen, James, De Jonge, Turney, Wright et al., Relating cytotoxicity, zinc ions, and reactive oxygen in ZnO nanoparticle-exposed human immune cells, Toxicol Sci,
doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft187Skalny, Timashev, Aschner, Aaseth, Chernova et al., Serum zinc, copper, and other biometals are associated with COVID-19 severity markers, Meta,
doi:10.3390/metabo11040244Stambouli, Driss, Gargouri, Bahrini, Arfaoui et al., of "OD-doxy-PNV-COVID-19 trial". COVID-19 prophylaxis with doxycycline and zinc in health care workers: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, Int J Infect Dis,
doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.016Takic, Zekovic, Terzic, Stojsavljevic, Mijuskovic et al., Zinc deficiency, plasma fatty acid profile and desaturase activities in hemodialysis patients: is supplementation necessary?, Front Nutr,
doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.700450Tanaka, Shiozawa, Morimoto, Fujita, Golovine et al., Depletion of intracellular zinc increases expression of tumorigenic cytokines VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8 in prostate cancer cells via NF-kappa B-dependent pathway, Scand J Immunol,
doi:10.1002/pros.20810Uwitonze, Ojeh, Murererehe, Atfi, Razzaque, Zinc adequacy is essential for the maintenance of optimal Oral health, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu12040949Vasto, Mocchegiani, Malavolta, Cuppari, Listì et al., Zinc and inflammatory/immune response in aging, Ann N Y Acad Sci,
doi:10.1196/annals.1395.009Velthuis, Van Den Worm, Sims, Baric, Snijder et al., Zn (2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture, PLoS Pathog,
doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176Vogel-González, Talló-Parra, Herrera-Fernández, Pérez-Vilaró, Chillón et al., Low zinc levels at admission associates with poor clinical outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, Nutrients,
doi:10.3390/nu13020562Wang, Lv, Lian, Wang, Wu, Effect of copper, zinc, and selenium on the migration of bovine neutrophils, Vet Sci,
doi:10.3390/vetsci8110281Wang, Zhou, Dietary zinc absorption: a play of zips and ZnTs in the gut, IUBMB Life,
doi:10.1002/iub.291Wellinghausen, Martin, Rink, Petry, Nold et al., Differential requirement for the activation of the inflammasome for processing and release of IL-1beta in monocytes and macrophages, Eur J Immunol,
doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-146720Wessels, Pupke, Trotha, Gombert, Himmelsbach et al., Zinc supplementation ameliorates lung injury by reducing neutrophil recruitment and activity, Thorax,
doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213357Wessels, Rolles, Slusarenko, Rink, Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona virus disease 19, Br J Nutr,
doi:10.1017/S0007114521000738Xing, Yu, Liu, He, Chen et al., High dietary zinc intake is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length, mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α: a study of China adults, J Nutr Health Aging,
doi:10.1007/s12603-023-1992-zYamasaki, Sakata-Sogawa, Hasegawa, Suzuki, Kabu et al., CA. Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
doi:10.1111/imr.12621Yokokawa, Morita, Hamada, Ohta, Fukui et al., Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with zinc deficiency: analysis of a nationwide Japanese medical claims database, Sci Rep,
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53202-0Zhang, Hou, Huang, Chen, Zhang, Interplay between zinc and cell proliferation and implications for the growth of livestock, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl),
doi:10.1111/jpn.13851{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 20]], 'date-time': '2024-04-20T00:30:10Z', 'timestamp': 1713573010014},
'reference-count': 137,
'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]],
'date-time': '2024-04-19T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1713484800000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}],
'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001809',
'name': 'National Natural Science Foundation of China',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'award': ['32260175, 82160313']},
{ 'DOI': '10.13039/501100004607',
'name': 'Guangxi Natural Science Foundation',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'award': ['2020GXNSFDA297027, 2018GXNSFAA281048']},
{'award': ['2020011202']}, {'award': ['AD19110161']}, {}],
'content-domain': {'domain': ['frontiersin.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True},
'abstract': '<jats:p>Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular '
'activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in '
'the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where '
'there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by '
'SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the '
'maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that '
'plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell '
'signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its '
'role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper '
'encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of '
'providing specific insights into Zn research.</jats:p>',
'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-04-19T04:43:03Z', 'timestamp': 1713501783000},
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 0,
'title': 'The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients',
'prefix': '10.3389',
'volume': '11',
'author': [ {'given': 'Di', 'family': 'Jin', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Xinran', 'family': 'Wei', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Yunyi', 'family': 'He', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Luying', 'family': 'Zhong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Huijie', 'family': 'Lu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Jiaxin', 'family': 'Lan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Yuting', 'family': 'Wei', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Zheng', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []},
{'given': 'Hongbo', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}],
'member': '1965',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]},
'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '110173',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173',
'article-title': 'Essential metals in health and disease',
'volume': '367',
'author': 'Jomova',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Chem Biol Interact'},
{ 'key': 'ref2',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1082500',
'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2022.1082500',
'article-title': 'The relationship between nutrition and the immune system',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Munteanu',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Front Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref3',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '181',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.07.001',
'article-title': 'The role of trace elements on hepatitis virus infections: a review',
'volume': '25',
'author': 'Rashed',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'J Trace Elem Med Biol'},
{ 'key': 'ref4',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e1001176',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176',
'article-title': 'Zn (2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in '
'vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in '
'cell culture',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'te Velthuis',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog'},
{ 'key': 'ref5',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '23',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7',
'article-title': 'Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and '
'their relations in association with severity and mortality in '
'SARS-CoV-2 patients',
'volume': '201',
'author': 'Pvsn',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref6',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '748',
'DOI': '10.1001/archinte.159.7.748',
'article-title': 'Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and '
'infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized '
'controlled trial. MIN. VIT. AOX. Geriatric network',
'volume': '159',
'author': 'Girodon',
'year': '1999',
'journal-title': 'Arch Intern Med'},
{ 'key': 'ref7',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '367',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015',
'article-title': 'Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on '
'COVID-19: a review',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Jayawardena',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Diabetes Metab Syndr'},
{ 'key': 'ref8',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '244',
'DOI': '10.3390/metabo11040244',
'article-title': 'Serum zinc, copper, and other biometals are associated with COVID-19 '
'severity markers',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Skalny',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Meta'},
{ 'key': 'ref9',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1068',
'DOI': '10.3390/vaccines10071068',
'article-title': 'Immunity after COVID-19 recovery and vaccination: similarities and '
'differences',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Kamińska',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Vaccines (Basel)'},
{ 'key': 'ref10',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '141',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7',
'article-title': 'Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Hu',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Microbiol'},
{ 'key': 'ref11',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '189',
'DOI': '10.1177/17534259221077750',
'article-title': 'Natural killer cell exhaustion in SARS-CoV-2 infection',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Gallardo-Zapata',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Innate Immun'},
{ 'key': 'ref12',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1949',
'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949',
'article-title': 'Overview of immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection: lessons from '
'the past',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Shah',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Front Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref13',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '358',
'DOI': '10.1111/1541-4337.12067',
'article-title': 'Zinc: the metal of life',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Kaur',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf'},
{ 'key': 'ref14',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1012',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu15041012',
'article-title': 'The role of chosen essential elements (Zn, cu, se, Fe, Mn) in food for '
'special medical purposes (FSMPs) dedicated to oncology '
'patients-critical review: state-of-the-art',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'Frydrych',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref15',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '117397',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.cca.2023.117397',
'article-title': 'Recommended reference intervals for copper and zinc in serum using the '
'US National Health and nutrition examination surveys (NHANES) data',
'volume': '546',
'author': 'Andrew',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Clin Chim Acta'},
{ 'key': 'ref16',
'first-page': '117',
'article-title': 'Reference value for serum zinc level of adult population in Bangladesh',
'volume': '31',
'author': 'Barman',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'EJIFCC'},
{ 'key': 'ref17',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2791',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-024-53202-0',
'article-title': 'Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with zinc '
'deficiency: analysis of a nationwide Japanese medical claims database',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Yokokawa',
'year': '2024',
'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'},
{ 'key': 'ref18',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1303',
'DOI': '10.1001/archneur.60.9.1303',
'article-title': 'Myelopolyneuropathy and pancytopenia due to copper deficiency and high '
'zinc levels of unknown origin: further support for existence of a new '
'zinc overload syndrome',
'volume': '60',
'author': 'Hedera',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'Arch Neurol'},
{ 'key': 'ref19',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '700450',
'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2021.700450',
'article-title': 'Zinc deficiency, plasma fatty acid profile and desaturase activities in '
'hemodialysis patients: is supplementation necessary?',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Takic',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Front Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref20',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '949',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu12040949',
'article-title': 'Zinc adequacy is essential for the maintenance of optimal Oral health',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Uwitonze',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref21',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1371',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.015',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 pandemic: can zinc supplementation provide an additional '
'shield against the infection?',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Razzaque',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Comput Struct Biotechnol J'},
{ 'key': 'ref22',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4471-3879-2_1',
'article-title': 'Physiology of zinc: general aspects',
'volume-title': 'Zinc in human biology. ILSI human nutrition reviews',
'author': 'Jackson',
'year': '1989'},
{ 'key': 'ref23',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '215',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00418.x',
'article-title': 'The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Cummings',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)'},
{ 'key': 'ref24',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '5137',
'DOI': '10.1093/emboj/cdg484',
'article-title': 'Zinc fingers can act as Zn2+ sensors to regulate transcriptional '
'activation domain function',
'volume': '22',
'author': 'Bird',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'EMBO J'},
{ 'key': 'ref25',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '4456',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu13124456',
'article-title': 'Aberrance of zinc metalloenzymes-induced human diseases and its '
'potential mechanisms',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Cheng',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref26',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '4822',
'DOI': '10.3390/ijms24054822',
'article-title': 'Zinc: from biological functions to therapeutic potential',
'volume': '24',
'author': 'Costa',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Int J Mol Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref27',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1286',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu9121286',
'article-title': 'Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Wessels',
'year': '2017',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref28',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '14',
'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2014.00014',
'article-title': 'Zinc is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: its role in human '
'health',
'volume': '1',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Front Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref29',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '335',
'DOI': '10.14348/molcells.2021.0061',
'article-title': 'Regulatory role of zinc in immune cell signaling',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Kim',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Mol Cells'},
{ 'key': 'ref30',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1155/2023/6711071',
'article-title': 'The effectiveness of zinc supplementation in taste disorder treatment: '
'a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials',
'volume': '2023',
'author': 'Mozaffar',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr Metab'},
{ 'key': 'ref31',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '243',
'DOI': '10.1024/0300-9831/a000030',
'article-title': 'Gastrointestinal factors influencing zinc absorption and homeostasis',
'volume': '80',
'author': 'Cousins',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Int J Vitam Nutr Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref32',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'G87',
'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.1.G87',
'article-title': 'Zinc absorption in human small intestine',
'volume': '256',
'author': 'Lee',
'year': '1989',
'journal-title': 'Am J Phys'},
{ 'key': 'ref33',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '656',
'DOI': '10.1177/0148607114533726',
'article-title': 'The science and practice of micronutrient supplementations in '
'nutritional anemia: an evidence-based review',
'volume': '38',
'author': 'Chan',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref34',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '176',
'DOI': '10.1002/iub.291',
'article-title': 'Dietary zinc absorption: a play of zips and ZnTs in the gut',
'volume': '62',
'author': 'Wang',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'IUBMB Life'},
{ 'key': 'ref35',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '371',
'DOI': '10.1177/0884533615570376',
'article-title': 'Zinc: physiology, deficiency, and parenteral nutrition',
'volume': '30',
'author': 'Livingstone',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'Nutr Clin Pract'},
{ 'key': 'ref36',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1885',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu11081885',
'article-title': 'Iron and zinc homeostasis and interactions: does enteric zinc excretion '
'cross-talk with intestinal iron absorption?',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Kondaiah',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref37',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '115',
'DOI': '10.1016/0300-483x(81)90111-6',
'article-title': 'Effects of Zn status, bile and other endogenous factors on jejunal cd '
'absorption',
'volume': '22',
'author': 'Foulkes',
'year': '1981',
'journal-title': 'Toxicology'},
{ 'key': 'ref38',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '497',
'DOI': '10.3390/ani9080497',
'article-title': 'Dietary zinc and fibre source can influence the mineral and antioxidant '
'status of piglets',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Holodova',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Animals (Basel)'},
{ 'key': 'ref39',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1388S',
'DOI': '10.1093/jn/130.5.1388S',
'article-title': 'Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract',
'volume': '130',
'author': 'Wapnir',
'year': '2000',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref40',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '110193',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110193',
'article-title': 'Phytic acid: blessing in disguise, a prime compound required for both '
'plant and human nutrition',
'volume': '142',
'author': 'Kumar',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Food Res Int'},
{ 'key': 'ref41',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2854',
'DOI': '10.1002/fsn3.1127',
'article-title': 'Phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium content of common Bolivian foods and '
'their estimated mineral bioavailability',
'volume': '7',
'author': 'Castro-Alba',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Food Sci Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref42',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1378S',
'DOI': '10.1093/jn/130.5.1378S',
'article-title': 'Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption',
'volume': '130',
'author': 'Lönnerdal',
'year': '2000',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref43',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '375',
'DOI': '10.1017/s0022029998002866',
'article-title': 'Factors contributing to variation in the proportion of casein in cows’ '
'milk true protein: a review of recent INRA experiments',
'volume': '65',
'author': 'Coulon',
'year': '1998',
'journal-title': 'J Dairy Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref44',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '973',
'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/35.5.981',
'article-title': 'Binding of zinc to casein',
'volume': '35',
'author': 'Harzer',
'year': '1982',
'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref45',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '442S',
'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/68.2.442S',
'article-title': 'Iron and zinc interactions in humans',
'volume': '68',
'author': 'Whittaker',
'year': '1998',
'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref46',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '851',
'DOI': '10.1038/sj.bjp.0703392',
'article-title': 'Interaction between copper and zinc at GABA (a) receptors in acutely '
'isolated cerebellar Purkinje cells of the rat',
'volume': '130',
'author': 'Sharonova',
'year': '2000',
'journal-title': 'Br J Pharmacol'},
{ 'key': 'ref47',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '508',
'DOI': '10.1016/0016-5085(88)90445-3',
'article-title': 'Zinc-induced copper deficiency',
'volume': '94',
'author': 'Hoffman',
'year': '1988',
'journal-title': 'Gastroenterology'},
{ 'key': 'ref48',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '350',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-012-9578-3',
'article-title': 'Blood pressure and levels of Fe, ca, mg, Zn, cu, Na and K in the hair '
'of young Bantu men from Tanzania',
'volume': '151',
'author': 'Rębacz-Maron',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref49',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '275',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.12.017',
'article-title': 'Cu/Zn ratios are associated with nutritional status, oxidative stress, '
'inflammation, and immune abnormalities in patients on peritoneal '
'dialysis',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Guo',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Clin Biochem'},
{ 'key': 'ref50',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '783',
'DOI': '10.1002/ajim.22892',
'article-title': 'Acute copper sulfate poisoning resulting from dermal absorption',
'volume': '61',
'author': 'Park',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Am J Ind Med'},
{ 'key': 'ref51',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '257',
'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.2009.10719780',
'article-title': 'Impact of the discovery of human zinc deficiency on health',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'J Am Coll Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref52',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '29',
'DOI': '10.1111/nyas.12947',
'article-title': 'Bioavailability of iron, vitamin a, zinc, and folic acid when added to '
'condiments and seasonings',
'volume': '1357',
'author': 'Degerud',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'Ann N Y Acad Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref53',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '435S',
'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/68.2.435S',
'article-title': 'Interactions between zinc and vitamin a: an update',
'volume': '68',
'author': 'Christian',
'year': '1998',
'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref54',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '219',
'DOI': '10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00057-5',
'article-title': 'Zinc in the retina',
'volume': '64',
'author': 'Ugarte',
'year': '2001',
'journal-title': 'Prog Neurobiol'},
{ 'key': 'ref55',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '321',
'DOI': '10.1016/B978-0-12-800223-0.00009-8',
'article-title': 'The families of zinc (SLC30 and SLC39) and copper (SLC31) transporters',
'volume': '73',
'author': 'Schweigel-Röntgen',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Curr Top Membr'},
{ 'key': 'ref56',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '443',
'DOI': '10.1177/0379572116652252',
'article-title': 'A review of dietary zinc recommendations',
'volume': '37',
'author': 'Gibson',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Food Nutr Bull'},
{ 'key': 'ref57',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '3',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.006',
'article-title': 'Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Maret',
'year': '2006',
'journal-title': 'J Trace Elem Med Biol'},
{ 'key': 'ref58',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '102.e1',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.07.083',
'article-title': 'Zinc supplementation in intensive care: results of a UK survey',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'Duncan',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'J Crit Care'},
{ 'key': 'ref59',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '148',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu9020148',
'article-title': 'Genetic variations as modifying factors to dietary zinc requirements-a '
'systematic review',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Day',
'year': '2017',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref60',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '126536',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126536',
'article-title': 'Revised D-A-CH-reference values for the intake of zinc',
'volume': '61',
'author': 'Haase',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Trace Elem Med Biol'},
{ 'key': 'ref61',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2941',
'DOI': '10.3390/ijms21082941',
'article-title': 'Japan’s practical guidelines for zinc deficiency with a particular '
'focus on taste disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver '
'cirrhosis',
'volume': '21',
'author': 'Kodama',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Int J Mol Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref62',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '904',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12603-023-1992-z',
'article-title': 'High dietary zinc intake is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere '
'length, mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α: a study of China adults',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'Xing',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr Health Aging'},
{ 'key': 'ref63',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1089',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0002-8223(21)01706-5',
'article-title': 'Zinc: consumption patterns and dietary recommendations',
'volume': '90',
'author': 'Moser-Veillon',
'year': '1990',
'journal-title': 'J Am Diet Assoc'},
{ 'key': 'ref64',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '595',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.cden.2005.03.008',
'article-title': 'Nutrition and periodontal disease',
'volume': '49',
'author': 'Schifferle',
'year': '2005',
'journal-title': 'Dent Clin N Am'},
{ 'key': 'ref65',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1049',
'DOI': '10.1002/jsfa.2740331017',
'article-title': 'Iron and zinc compounds in the muscle meats of beef, lamb, pork and '
'chicken',
'volume': '33',
'author': 'Hazell',
'year': '1982',
'journal-title': 'J Sci Food Agric'},
{ 'key': 'ref66',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '3',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.010',
'article-title': 'The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions',
'volume': '611',
'author': 'Krężel',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Arch Biochem Biophys'},
{ 'key': 'ref67',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '370',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.exger.2007.10.013',
'article-title': 'Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of '
'zinc',
'volume': '43',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Exp Gerontol'},
{ 'key': 'ref68',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1155/2018/6872621',
'article-title': 'The role of zinc and zinc homeostasis in macrophage function',
'volume': '2018',
'author': 'Gao',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'J Immunol Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref69',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '120',
'DOI': '10.1093/toxsci/kft187',
'article-title': 'Relating cytotoxicity, zinc ions, and reactive oxygen in ZnO '
'nanoparticle-exposed human immune cells',
'volume': '136',
'author': 'Shen',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Toxicol Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref70',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '852',
'DOI': '10.1007/s10495-012-0705-6',
'article-title': 'Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and ROS-triggered '
'mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human liver cells (hep G2)',
'volume': '17',
'author': 'Sharma',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'Apoptosis'},
{ 'key': 'ref71',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e89427',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0089427',
'article-title': 'Extracellular zinc competitively inhibits manganese uptake and '
'compromises oxidative stress management in Streptococcus pneumoniae',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Eijkelkamp',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'PLoS One'},
{ 'key': 'ref72',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '27',
'DOI': '10.1002/biof.1114',
'article-title': 'Zinc signals and immune function',
'volume': '40',
'author': 'Haase',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Biofactors'},
{ 'key': 'ref73',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '277',
'DOI': '10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132454',
'article-title': 'Reprogramming of the immune system during zinc deficiency',
'volume': '24',
'author': 'Fraker',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'Annu Rev Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref74',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '111',
'DOI': '10.1196/annals.1395.009',
'article-title': 'Zinc and inflammatory/immune response in aging',
'volume': '1100',
'author': 'Vasto',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Ann N Y Acad Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref75',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '353',
'DOI': '10.2119/2008-00033',
'article-title': 'Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Mol Med'},
{ 'key': 'ref76',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1155/2016/6762343',
'article-title': 'Roles of zinc signaling in the immune system',
'volume': '2016',
'author': 'Hojyo',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'J Immunol Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref77',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '58',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.022',
'article-title': 'Zinc and immunity: An essential interrelation',
'volume': '611',
'author': 'Maares',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Arch Biochem Biophys'},
{ 'key': 'ref78',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1500S',
'DOI': '10.1093/jn/130.5.1500S',
'article-title': 'The role of zinc in growth and cell proliferation',
'volume': '130',
'author': 'Mac Donald',
'year': '2000',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref79',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '81',
'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/71.1.81',
'article-title': 'Zinc protects against apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by '
'linoleic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha',
'volume': '71',
'author': 'Meerarani',
'year': '2000',
'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref80',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '447S',
'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S',
'article-title': 'Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to '
'infection',
'volume': '68',
'author': 'Shankar',
'year': '1998',
'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref81',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e1005682',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1005682',
'article-title': 'Conquering Neutrophils',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Döhrmann',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog'},
{ 'key': 'ref82',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '281',
'DOI': '10.3390/vetsci8110281',
'article-title': 'Effect of copper, zinc, and selenium on the migration of bovine '
'neutrophils',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Wang',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Vet Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref83',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '271',
'DOI': '10.1007/s10522-005-2625-0',
'article-title': 'Interrelationship among neutrophil efficiency, inflammation, '
'antioxidant activity and zinc pool in very old age',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'Moroni',
'year': '2005',
'journal-title': 'Biogerontology'},
{ 'key': 'ref84',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '253',
'DOI': '10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213357',
'article-title': 'Zinc supplementation ameliorates lung injury by reducing neutrophil '
'recruitment and activity',
'volume': '75',
'author': 'Wessels',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Thorax'},
{ 'key': 'ref85',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '75',
'DOI': '10.2147/JIR.S286426',
'article-title': 'The role of regulatory B cells in health and diseases: a systemic '
'review',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Chekol Abebe',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J Inflamm Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref86',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '72',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.008',
'article-title': 'B cell activation and proliferation increase intracellular zinc levels',
'volume': '64',
'author': 'Ollig',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr Biochem'},
{ 'key': 'ref87',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1452S',
'DOI': '10.1093/jn/133.5.1452S',
'article-title': 'Zinc-altered immune function',
'volume': '133',
'author': 'Ibs',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'J Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref88',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '350',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41590-018-0295-8',
'article-title': 'An essential role for the Zn2+ transporter ZIP7 in B cell development',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Anzilotti',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Nat Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref89',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '416',
'DOI': '10.1007/s10875-009-9298-4',
'article-title': 'NK and NKT cells in aging and longevity: role of zinc and '
'metallothioneins',
'volume': '29',
'author': 'Mocchegiani',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'J Clin Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref90',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '593',
'DOI': '10.1007/s10522-008-9201-3',
'article-title': 'Zinc improves the development of human CD34+ cell progenitors towards '
'NK cells and increases the expression of GATA-3 transcription factor in '
'young and old ages',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Muzzioli',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Biogerontology'},
{ 'key': 'ref91',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '801',
'DOI': '10.1038/nm0804-801',
'article-title': 'Regulatory T cells and mechanisms of immune system control',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'O’Garra',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'Nat Med'},
{ 'key': 'ref92',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '3569',
'DOI': '10.1182/blood.2022016333',
'article-title': 'Zinc: a damage signal promoting thymic repair',
'volume': '139',
'author': 'Perkey',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Blood'},
{ 'key': 'ref93',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '118',
'DOI': '10.1186/1479-5876-8-118',
'article-title': 'Zinc in innate and adaptive tumor immunity',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'John',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'J Transl Med'},
{ 'key': 'ref94',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '636',
'DOI': '10.1017/S0029665110002545',
'article-title': 'Nutritional imbalances and infections affect the thymus: consequences '
'on T-cell-mediated immune responses',
'volume': '69',
'author': 'Savino',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Proc Nutr Soc'},
{ 'key': 'ref95',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1402',
'DOI': '10.1111/jpn.13851',
'article-title': 'Interplay between zinc and cell proliferation and implications for the '
'growth of livestock',
'volume': '107',
'author': 'Zhang',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)'},
{ 'key': 'ref96',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '132',
'DOI': '10.2174/187153009788452390',
'article-title': 'T-lymphocytes: a target for stimulatory and inhibitory effects of zinc '
'ions',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Hönscheid',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets'},
{ 'key': 'ref97',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '157',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2006.10.007',
'article-title': 'T-helper type 1 cytokine release is enhanced by in vitro zinc '
'supplementation due to increased natural killer cells',
'volume': '23',
'author': 'Metz',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Nutrition'},
{ 'key': 'ref98',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '9',
'DOI': '10.1186/1742-4933-6-9',
'article-title': 'The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'Haase',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Immun Ageing'},
{ 'key': 'ref99',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '637',
'DOI': '10.1083/jcb.200702081',
'article-title': 'Zinc is a novel intracellular second messenger',
'volume': '177',
'author': 'Yamasaki',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'J Cell Biol'},
{ 'key': 'ref100',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'E1095',
'DOI': '10.1152/ajpendo.00545.2002',
'article-title': 'Zinc modulates mRNA levels of cytokines',
'volume': '285',
'author': 'Bao',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab'},
{ 'key': 'ref101',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '8',
'DOI': '10.1111/imr.12621',
'article-title': 'Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired '
'immunity',
'volume': '281',
'author': 'Dinarello',
'year': '2018',
'journal-title': 'Immunol Rev'},
{ 'key': 'ref102',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2529',
'DOI': '10.1002/eji.1830271010',
'article-title': 'Zinc inhibits interleukin-1-dependent T cell stimulation',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'Wellinghausen',
'year': '1997',
'journal-title': 'Eur J Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref103',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2324',
'DOI': '10.1182/blood-2008-03-146720',
'article-title': 'Differential requirement for the activation of the inflammasome for '
'processing and release of IL-1beta in monocytes and macrophages',
'volume': '113',
'author': 'Netea',
'year': '2009',
'journal-title': 'Blood'},
{ 'key': 'ref104',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'eabi 7400',
'DOI': '10.1126/scisignal.abi7400',
'article-title': 'Cytoplasmic zinc promotes IL-1β production by monocytes and macrophages '
'through mTORC1-induced glycolysis in rheumatoid arthritis',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'Kim',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Sci Signal'},
{ 'key': 'ref105',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e 1040',
'DOI': '10.1038/cddis.2013.547',
'article-title': 'Zinc depletion regulates the processing and secretion of IL-1β',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Summersgill',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Cell Death Dis'},
{ 'key': 'ref106',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1142',
'DOI': '10.1038/sj.embor.7401099',
'article-title': 'Interleukin 2: from immunostimulation to immunoregulation and back '
'again',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Bachmann',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'EMBO Rep'},
{ 'key': 'ref107',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '547',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02805.x',
'article-title': 'Role of zinc in interleukin 2 (IL-2)-mediated T-cell activation',
'volume': '31',
'author': 'Tanaka',
'year': '1990',
'journal-title': 'Scand J Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref108',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1443',
'DOI': '10.1002/pros.20810',
'article-title': 'Depletion of intracellular zinc increases expression of tumorigenic '
'cytokines VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8 in prostate cancer cells via NF-kappa '
'B-dependent pathway',
'volume': '68',
'author': 'Golovine',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Prostate'},
{ 'key': 'ref109',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '277',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008',
'article-title': 'Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Bonaventura',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'Autoimmun Rev'},
{ 'key': 'ref110',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'S62',
'DOI': '10.1086/315916',
'article-title': 'Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts',
'volume': '182',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2000',
'journal-title': 'J Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': 'ref111',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'eaaw 2262',
'DOI': '10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw2262',
'article-title': 'TH17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain '
'transcriptional and functional identity',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Harbour',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Sci Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref112',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '375',
'DOI': '10.1093/intimm/dxq017',
'article-title': 'Zinc suppresses Th17 development via inhibition of STAT3 activation',
'volume': '22',
'author': 'Kitabayashi',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Int Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref113',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '2519',
'DOI': '10.3390/ani13152519',
'article-title': 'Dietary zinc supplemented in organic form affects the expression of '
'inflammatory molecules in swine intestine',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Medida',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Animals (Basel)'},
{ 'key': 'ref114',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '668',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-020-02172-1',
'article-title': 'Interleukin-4 administration or zinc supplementation is effective in '
'preventing zinc deficiency-induced hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly',
'volume': '199',
'author': 'Kido',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref115',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'L577',
'DOI': '10.1152/ajplung.00280.2006',
'article-title': 'Anti-inflammatory effects of zinc and alterations in zinc transporter '
'mRNA in mouse models of allergic inflammation',
'volume': '292',
'author': 'Lang',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol'},
{ 'key': 'ref116',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '837',
'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837',
'article-title': 'Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: '
'effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress',
'volume': '85',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Am J Clin Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref117',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1441',
'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114521000192',
'article-title': 'Profiling inflammatory cytokines following zinc supplementation: a '
'systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials',
'volume': '126',
'author': 'Faghfouri',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Br J Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref118',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1155/2020/9207279',
'article-title': 'Lessons learned from experimental human model of zinc deficiency',
'volume': '2020',
'author': 'Prasad',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Immunol Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref119',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '214',
'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114521000738',
'article-title': 'Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility '
'and severe progression of Corona virus disease 19',
'volume': '127',
'author': 'Wessels',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Br J Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref120',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '3261',
'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.26895',
'article-title': 'A pilot double-blind safety and feasibility randomized controlled trial '
'of high-dose intravenous zinc in hospitalized COVID-19 patients',
'volume': '93',
'author': 'Patel',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J Med Virol'},
{ 'key': 'ref121',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '126944',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126944',
'article-title': 'Evaluation of zinc, copper, and cu: Zn ratio in serum, and their '
'implications in the course of COVID-19',
'volume': '71',
'author': 'Ivanova',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'J Trace Elem Med Biol'},
{ 'key': 'ref122',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e731',
'DOI': '10.1002/ctm2.731',
'article-title': 'Zinc and vitamin C intake increases spike and neutralising antibody '
'production following SARS-CoV-2 infection',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Quek',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Clin Transl Med'},
{ 'key': 'ref123',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '562',
'DOI': '10.3390/nu13020562',
'article-title': 'Low zinc levels at admission associates with poor clinical outcomes in '
'SARS-CoV-2 infection',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Vogel-González',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Nutrients'},
{ 'key': 'ref124',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '553',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.016',
'article-title': 'Gharsallah H; of “OD-doxy-PNV-COVID-19 trial”. COVID-19 prophylaxis '
'with doxycycline and zinc in health care workers: a prospective, '
'randomized, double-blind clinical trial',
'volume': '122',
'author': 'Stambouli',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': 'ref125',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '4101',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-020-02546-5',
'article-title': 'Olfactory disturbances as presenting manifestation among Egyptian '
'patients with COVID-19: possible role of zinc',
'volume': '199',
'author': 'Abdelmaksoud',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref126',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '550',
'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9',
'article-title': 'Can Zn be a critical element in COVID-19 treatment?',
'volume': '199',
'author': 'Rahman',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref127',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e38828',
'DOI': '10.7759/cureus.38828',
'article-title': 'Hypoglycemia induced by zinc supplementation for COVID-19 prophylaxis: '
'a case series',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'Elanjian',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Cureus'},
{ 'key': 'ref128',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '55',
'DOI': '10.1159/000528899',
'article-title': 'Copper deficiency mimicking myelodysplastic syndrome: zinc '
'supplementation in the setting of COVID-19',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Rosenberg',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Case Rep Oncol'},
{ 'key': 'ref129',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e30653',
'DOI': '10.7759/cureus.30653',
'article-title': 'A 98-year-old male with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation treated for '
'COVID-19 at home',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Farolfi',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Cureus'},
{ 'key': 'ref130',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': 'e932557',
'DOI': '10.12659/AJCR.932557',
'article-title': 'Treatment of severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with '
'COVID-19',
'volume': '22',
'author': 'Ahmed',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Am J Case Rep'},
{ 'key': 'ref131',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '696',
'DOI': '10.1093/advances/nmz013',
'article-title': 'The role of zinc in antiviral immunity',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Read',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Adv Nutr'},
{ 'key': 'ref132',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '149',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0065-2776(08)00003-5',
'article-title': 'Roles of zinc and zinc signaling in immunity: zinc as an intracellular '
'signaling molecule',
'volume': '97',
'author': 'Hirano',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Adv Immunol'},
{ 'key': 'ref133',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '3540',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.027',
'article-title': 'A comprehensive insight into the role of zinc deficiency in the '
'renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein system dysfunctions in COVID-19 '
'patients',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Gouda',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Saudi J Biol Sci'},
{ 'key': 'ref134',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '1215',
'DOI': '10.1007/s40121-021-00478-8',
'article-title': 'COVID-19: zinc and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) deficiencies '
'as determinants of risk and severity of disease: a narrative review',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Salgo',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Infect Dis Ther'},
{ 'key': 'ref135',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '661',
'DOI': '10.1002/mnfr.201500524',
'article-title': 'Zinc supplementation induces regulatory T cells by inhibition of Sirt-1 '
'deacetylase in mixed lymphocyte cultures',
'volume': '60',
'author': 'Rosenkranz',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Mol Nutr Food Res'},
{ 'key': 'ref136',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '7126',
'DOI': '10.18632/aging.204285',
'article-title': 'Zbtb 34 promotes embryonic stem cell proliferation by elongating '
'telomere length',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Liu',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Aging (Albany NY)'},
{ 'key': 'ref137',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'first-page': '8487',
'DOI': '10.18632/aging.204987',
'article-title': 'ZBTB34 is a hepatocellular carcinoma-associated protein with a '
'monopartite nuclear localization signal',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'Liu',
'year': '2023',
'journal-title': 'Aging (Albany NY)'}],
'container-title': 'Frontiers in Nutrition',
'original-title': [],
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591/full',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]],
'date-time': '2024-04-19T04:43:08Z',
'timestamp': 1713501788000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591/full'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]},
'references-count': 137,
'alternative-id': ['10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['2296-861X'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Front. Nutr.',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]}}
