The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients

{ 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591', 'ISSN': ['2296-861X'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591', 'abstract': '<jats:p>Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular ' 'activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in ' 'the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where ' 'there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by ' 'SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the ' 'maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that ' 'plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell ' 'signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its ' 'role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper ' 'encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of ' 'providing specific insights into Zn research.</jats:p>', 'alternative-id': ['10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591'], 'author': [ {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Jin', 'given': 'Di', 'sequence': 'first'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Wei', 'given': 'Xinran', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'He', 'given': 'Yunyi', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Zhong', 'given': 'Luying', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Lu', 'given': 'Huijie', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Lan', 'given': 'Jiaxin', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Wei', 'given': 'Yuting', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Liu', 'given': 'Zheng', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Liu', 'given': 'Hongbo', 'sequence': 'additional'}], 'container-title': 'Frontiers in Nutrition', 'container-title-short': 'Front. Nutr.', 'content-domain': {'crossmark-restriction': True, 'domain': ['frontiersin.org']}, 'created': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-04-19T04:43:03Z', 'timestamp': 1713501783000}, 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-04-19T04:43:08Z', 'timestamp': 1713501788000}, 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001809', 'award': ['32260175, 82160313'], 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'name': 'National Natural Science Foundation of China'}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100004607', 'award': ['2020GXNSFDA297027, 2018GXNSFAA281048'], 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'name': 'Guangxi Natural Science Foundation'}, {'award': ['2020011202']}, {'award': ['AD19110161']}, {}], 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 20]], 'date-time': '2024-04-20T00:30:10Z', 'timestamp': 1713573010014}, 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]}, 'license': [ { 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/', 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]], 'date-time': '2024-04-19T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1713484800000}}], 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591/full', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'member': '1965', 'original-title': [], 'prefix': '10.3389', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]}, 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2024, 4, 19]]}, 'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA', 'reference': [ { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173', 'article-title': 'Essential metals in health and disease', 'author': 'Jomova', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '110173', 'journal-title': 'Chem Biol Interact', 'key': 'ref1', 'volume': '367', 'year': '2022'}, { 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2022.1082500', 'article-title': 'The relationship between nutrition and the immune system', 'author': 'Munteanu', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1082500', 'journal-title': 'Front Nutr', 'key': 'ref2', 'volume': '9', 'year': '2022'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.07.001', 'article-title': 'The role of trace elements on hepatitis virus infections: a review', 'author': 'Rashed', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '181', 'journal-title': 'J Trace Elem Med Biol', 'key': 'ref3', 'volume': '25', 'year': '2011'}, { 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176', 'article-title': 'Zn (2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in ' 'vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in ' 'cell culture', 'author': 'te Velthuis', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e1001176', 'journal-title': 'PLoS Pathog', 'key': 'ref4', 'volume': '6', 'year': '2010'}, { 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7', 'article-title': 'Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and ' 'their relations in association with severity and mortality in ' 'SARS-CoV-2 patients', 'author': 'Pvsn', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '23', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res', 'key': 'ref5', 'volume': '201', 'year': '2023'}, { 'DOI': '10.1001/archinte.159.7.748', 'article-title': 'Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and ' 'infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized ' 'controlled trial. 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