Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All zinc studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchZincZinc (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Effect of any form of steroids in comparison with that of other medications on the duration of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized trials and quasi-experimental studies

Winn et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288285
Aug 2023  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Zinc for COVID-19
2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020, now with p = 0.00000032 from 46 studies, recognized in 17 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19early.org
Review of the effects of various treatment options and interventions for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Authors analyzed 21 studies with a total of 130,550 patients to compare the efficacy of corticosteroid treatments with other medications and interventions. Nasal sprays containing mometasone furoate, fluticasone, triamcinolone acetonide, and betamethasone were the main corticosteroids evaluated. Other interventions included zinc supplements, carbamazepine, omega-3, palmitoylethanolamide plus luteolin, olfactory training, coffee, lavender syrup, and inflawell syrup. The corticosteroid nasal sprays fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide showed the greatest reductions in smell loss duration compared to other treatments. Olfactory training alone was less effective than corticosteroids but authors recommend combination with other interventions.
Reviews covering zinc for COVID-19 include1-15.
Review covers zinc and budesonide.
Winn et al., 2 Aug 2023, peer-reviewed, 4 authors. Contact: mg.phyozinwinn@gmail.com.
This PaperZincAll
Effect of any form of steroids in comparison with that of other medications on the duration of olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized trials and quasi-experimental studies
Phyo Zin Winn, Thein Hlaing, Kyaw Myo Tun, Seim Lei Lei
PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288285
Background The life quality of about two-thirds of patients with COVID-19 is affected by related olfactory dysfunctions. The negative impact of olfactory dysfunction ranged from the decreased pleasure of eating to impaired quality of life. This research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of corticosteroid treatments by comparing that to other currently available treatments and interventions. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist's 27-point checklist was used to conduct this review. PubMed (Public/Publisher MEDLINE), PubMed Central and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) databases were conveniently selected and Boolean search commands were used for a comprehensive literature search. Five core search terms were "effects of treatments", " COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction", "corticosteroids", "treatments" and "interventions". The reporting qualities of the included studies were appraised using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) appraisal tools. The characteristics of the 21 experimental studies with a total sample (of 130,550) were aggregated using frequencies and percentages and presented descriptively. The main interventions and their effects on the duration of the COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction were narratively analyzed.
Dissemination plan The full dissertation paper will be submitted to the libraries of the University of Bedfordshire, UK and STIMU, Myanmar. A short report of this review will be posted to the public through popular social media: Facebook and Twitter. The key findings of this study will be distributed to the members of the medical profession in Myanmar through the annual medical conference organized and held by the Myanmar Medical Association (MMA). Finally, as an academic research paper, the major processes and key outputs of this systematic review will also be published in the PLOS One, a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal. Administrative information The utilization of unauthorized intellectual properties is refrained by the authors. The whole paper is free from copying or stealing the ideas or artworks of other scholars, authors, and professional co-workers. This was the student dissertation work of Dr Phyo Zin Win which has been undertaken for the award of Master of Science in Public Health from the University of Bedfordshire (UK). The co-reviewer and supervisor had the responsibilities for designing the review, undertaking all processes of the systematic review and revising the manuscript together with the principal investigator. Another co-author had the responsibilities for selecting the studies per protocol, extracting the relevant data, and reviewing and editing the manuscript. Supporting information S1
References
Abdelalim, Mohamady, Elsayed, Elawady, Ghallab, Corticosteroid nasal spray for recovery of smell sensation in COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled trial, Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102884
Abdelmaksoud, Ghweil, Hassan, Khodeary, Aref, Olfactory Disturbances as Presenting Manifestation Among Egyptian Patients with COVID-19: Possible Role of Zinc, Biol Trace Elem Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02546-5
Abu, Farha, Thanaraj, Qaddoumi, Hashem et al., The role of lipid metabolism in Covid-19 virus infection and as a drug target, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms21103544
Ahmed, Rowan, Olfactory Dysfunction and Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Immunol Allergy Clin North Am, doi:10.1016/j.iac.2019.12.013
Altin, Cingi, Uzun, Bal, Olfactory and gustatory abnormalities in COVID-19 cases, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, doi:10.1007/s00405-020-06155-9
Altundag, Yilmaz, Kesimli, Modified olfactory training is an effective treatment method for Covid-19 induced parosmia, The Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.30101
Bacon, Onuorah, Murr, Wiesen, Oakes et al., COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction prevalence and natural history in ambulatory patients, Rhinol Online, doi:10.4193/rhinol/21.034
Boesveldt, Postma, Boak, Welge-Luessen, Scho ¨pf et al., Anosmia-A Clinical Review, Chem Senses, doi:10.1093/chemse/bjx025
Bon, Konopnicki, Pisarski, Prunier, Lechien et al., Efficacy and safety of oral corticosteroids and olfactory training in the management of COVID-19-related loss of smell, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, doi:10.1007/s00405-020-06520-8
Cafasso, What Is Anosmia?
Croy, Negoias, Novakova, Landis, Hummel, Learning about the functions of the olfactory system from people without a sense of smell, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033365
D'ascanio, Vitelli, Cingolani, Maranzano, Brenner et al., Randomized clinical trial "olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19: olfactory rehabilitation therapy vs. intervention treatment with Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin": preliminary results, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, doi:10.26355/eurrev_202106_26059
Denis, Septans, Periers, Maillard, Legoff et al., Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Observational Study, J Med Internet Res, doi:10.2196/29583
Genetzaki, Tsakiropoulou, Nikolaidis, Markou, Konstantinidis, Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There any Benefit from Steroids?, ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, doi:10.1159/000516316
Harless, Liang, Pharmacologic treatment for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review, International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, doi:10.1002/alr.21727
Hashem-Dabaghian, Azimi, Bahrami, Latifi, Enayati et al., Effect of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) syrup on olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 infection: A pilot controlled clinical trial, Avicenna J Phytomed, doi:10.22038/AJP.2021.18420
Helman, Adler, Jafari, Bennett, Vuncannon et al., Treatment strategies for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review, Allergy Asthma Proc, doi:10.2500/aap.2022.43.210107
Hernandez, Woosch, Haehner, Hummel, Omega-3 supplementation in postviral olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study, Rhinology, doi:10.4193/Rhin21.378
Hosseini, Mirmahdi, Moghaddam, A new strategy for treatment of Anosmia and Ageusia in COVID-19 patients, Integrative Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1051/irm/2020003
Huang, Wei, Wu, Effects of olfactory training on posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis, International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, doi:10.1002/alr.22758
Kadirvelu, Burcea, Quint, Costelloe, Faisal, Variation in global COVID-19 symptoms by geography and by chronic disease: A global survey using the COVID-19 Symptom Mapper, EClini-calMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101317
Kasiri, Rouhani, Salehifar, Ghazaeian, Fallah, Mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction: A randomized, double blind clinical trial, Int Immunopharmacol, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107871
Kattar, Do, Unis, Migneron, Thomas et al., Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1177/0194599820943550
Keller, Malaspina, Hidden consequences of olfactory dysfunction: a patient report series, BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord, doi:10.1186/1472-6815-13-8
Khalifah, Damanhouri, Abushal, Marglani, Alharbi et al., Persistent Parosmia Caused By COVID-19 Infection: An Emerging Symptom, Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.19921
Kim, Yeniova, Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of COVID-19; 237 countries and territories, January 2022: A systematic analysis for world health organization COVID-19 dashboard, Life Cycle, doi:10.54724/lc.2022.e10
Klopfenstein, Kadiane-Oussou, Toko, Royer, Lepiller et al., Features of anosmia in COVID-19, Med Mal Infect, doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2020.04.006
Lakhani, Kapadia, Choradiya, Gill, Lakhani, COVID-19 and Multi organ Dysfunction Syndrome, Intech Open, doi:10.5772/intechopen.99676
Lee, Kim, Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients, J Korean Med Sci, doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174
Lucia, Salzo, Angarano, Palmieri, Portincasa et al., Gaining Back What Is Lost: Recovering the Sense of Smell in Mild to Moderate Patients After COVID-19, Chemical Senses, doi:10.1093/chemse/bjaa066
Luers, Rokohl, Loreck, Matos, Dewald, Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Clin Infect Dis, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa525
Mercante, Ferreli, Virgilio, Gaino, Bari et al., Prevalence of Taste and Smell Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1155
Moein, Hashemian, Mansourafshar, Khorram-Tousi, Tabarsi et al., Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19, Int Forum Allergy Rhinol, doi:10.1002/alr.22587
Morrissey, Pratap, Brown, Wormald, The role of surgery in the management of phantosmia, Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.25647
Myshchenko, Ostrovskyy, Kolhanov, Makoida, Hrechukh, Prevalence of sensory dysfunctions in adult Ukrainian population with laboratory confirmed COVID-19, Wiadomości Lekarskie, doi:10.36740/wlek202203119
Najafloo, Majidi, Asghari, Aleemardani, Kamrava et al., Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments, ACS Chem Neurosci, doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00477
Nordin, Blomqvist, Olsson, Stja, Ehnhage, NAF2S2 Study Group. Effects of smell loss on daily life and adopted coping strategies in patients with nasal polyposis with asthma, Acta Otolaryngol, doi:10.3109/00016489.2010.539625
O'neill, Kalia, Gill, Hum, Moran-Venegas et al., Association between new-onset anosmia and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests among people accessing outpatient testing in Toronto, Ontario: a retrospective cross-sectional study, CMAJ Open, doi:10.9778/cmajo.20210085
Page, Mckenzie, Bossuyt, Boutron, Hoffmann et al., The Prisma 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews, BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
Pendolino, Navaratnam, Nijim, Kelly, Randhawa et al., The Role of Social Media in Improving Patient Recruitment for Research Studies on Persistent Post-Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction, Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina58030348
Porru, Spiteri, Monaco, Valotti, Carta et al., Post-Vaccination SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Health Workers at the University Hospital of Verona, Italy: A Retrospective Cohort Survey, Vaccines, doi:10.3390/vaccines10020272
Qiu, Cui, Hautefort, Haehner, Zhao et al., Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Identifier of COVID-19 in Adults and Children: An International Multicenter Study, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1177/0194599820934376
Rashid, Zgair, Effect of nasal corticosteroid in the treatment of anosmia due to COVID-19: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study, Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103033
Rochet, El-Hage, Richa, Kazour, Atanasova, Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship, Brain Sci, doi:10.3390/brainsci8050080
Sammouda, Alrahin, Ali, Arayedh, Daryanavard, Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United Arab Emirates Population, Int Dent J, doi:10.1016/j.identj.2021.05.006
Saussez, Vaira, Chiesa-Estomba, Bon, Horoi et al., Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Oral and Nasal Corticosteroids in COVID-19 Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction: A European Multicenter Study, Pathogens, doi:10.3390/pathogens10060698
Seladi-Schulman, Parosmia After COVID-19: Causes, Duration, Treatment & More
Seo, Lee, Mo, Lee, Rhee et al., Treatment of postviral olfactory loss with glucocorticoids, Ginkgo biloba, and mometasone nasal spray, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1001/archoto.2009.141
Sherren, Ostermann, Agarwal, Meadows, Ioannou et al., COVID-19-related organ dysfunction and management strategies on the intensive care unit: a narrative review, Br J Anaesth, doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.050
Singh, Jain, Parveen, The outcome of fluticasone nasal spray on anosmia and triamcinolone oral paste in dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients, Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102892
Teaima, Salem, Teama, Mansour, Taha et al., Patterns and clinical outcomes of olfactory and gustatory disorders in six months: Prospective study of 1031 COVID-19 patients, Am J Otolaryngol, doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103259
Tond, Balenci, Khajavirad, Salehi, Tafakhori et al., Inflawell® improves neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and shortens hospitalization in patients with moderate COVID-19, in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-022-00928-w
Vaira, Vito, Lechien, Chiesa-Estomba, Mayo-Yàñez et al., New Onset of Smell and Taste Loss Are Common Findings Also in Patients With Symptomatic COVID-19 After Complete Vaccination, Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.29964
Vance, Maslach, Stoneman, Harmes, Ransom et al., Addressing post-COVID symptoms: A guide for primary care physicians, Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, doi:10.3122/jabfm.2021.06.210254
Vasconcelos, Hammerle, Sales, Lopes, Pinheiro et al., Post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction: carbamazepine as a treatment option in a series of cases, J Neurovirol, doi:10.1007/s13365-022-01066-3
Werner, Nies, Olfactory dysfunction revisited: a reappraisal of work-related olfactory dysfunction caused by chemicals, J Occup Med Toxicol, doi:10.1186/s12995-018-0209-6
Wisnivesky, Govindarajulu, Bagiella, Goswami, Kale et al., Association of Vaccination with the Persistence of Post-COVID Symptoms, J Gen Intern Med, doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07465-w
Yildiz, Yildiz, Kuzu, Gu ¨nebakan C ¸, Bucak et al., Comparison of the Healing Effect of Nasal Saline Irrigation with Triamcinolone Acetonide Versus Nasal Saline Irrigation alone in COVID-19 Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Study, Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02749-9
Yuan, Huang, Wei, Wu, Steroids and Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review, Front Neurosci, doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.708510
Zięba, Lisowska, Dadok, Kaczmarek, Stryjewska-Makuch et al., Frequency and Severity of Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) Symptoms during COVID-19 Infection, Medicina, doi:10.3390/medicina58050623
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 7]], 'date-time': '2024-02-07T10:21:21Z', 'timestamp': 1707301281145}, 'reference-count': 60, 'publisher': 'Public Library of Science (PLoS)', 'issue': '8', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]], 'date-time': '2023-08-02T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1690934400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['www.plosone.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec id="sec001">\n' '<jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>The life quality of about two-thirds of patients with COVID-19 is affected by related ' 'olfactory dysfunctions. The negative impact of olfactory dysfunction ranged from the ' 'decreased pleasure of eating to impaired quality of life. This research aimed to provide a ' 'comprehensive understanding of the effects of corticosteroid treatments by comparing that to ' 'other currently available treatments and interventions.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec id="sec002">\n' '<jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) ' 'checklist’s 27-point checklist was used to conduct this review. PubMed (Public/Publisher ' 'MEDLINE), PubMed Central and EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) databases were conveniently ' 'selected and Boolean search commands were used for a comprehensive literature search. Five ' 'core search terms were "effects of treatments", " COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction", ' '"corticosteroids", "treatments" and "interventions". The reporting qualities of the included ' 'studies were appraised using JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) appraisal tools. The ' 'characteristics of the 21 experimental studies with a total sample (of 130,550) were ' 'aggregated using frequencies and percentages and presented descriptively. The main ' 'interventions and their effects on the duration of the COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction ' 'were narratively analyzed.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec id="sec003">\n' '<jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>Among patients with COVID-19, the normal functions of the olfactory lobe were about ' '23 days earlier to gain with the treatments of fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide nasal ' 'spray compared with that of mometasone furoate nasal spray and oral corticosteroid. The smell ' 'loss duration was reduced by fluticasone and triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray 9 days ' 'earlier than the inflawell syrup and 16 days earlier than the lavender syrup. The nasal spray ' 'of corticosteroids ended the COVID-19-related smell loss symptoms 2 days earlier than the ' 'zinc supplementation, about 47 days earlier than carbamazepine treatment and was more ' 'effective than palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and luteolin and omega-3 supplementations and ' 'olfactory training. Treatment with oral corticosteroid plus olfactory training significantly ' 'improved Threshold, Discrimination and Identification (TDI) scores compared with olfactory ' 'training alone. A full dose of the COVID-19 vaccination was not uncertain to reduce the ' 'COVID-19-related smell loss duration.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>\n' '<jats:sec id="sec004">\n' '<jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n' '<jats:p>Corticosteroid treatment is effective in reducing the duration of COVID-19-related ' 'smell loss and olfactory training, the basic, essential and effective intervention, should be ' 'used as a combination therapy.</jats:p>\n' '</jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0288285', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]], 'date-time': '2023-08-02T17:25:39Z', 'timestamp': 1690997139000}, 'page': 'e0288285', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.corrections_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 1, 'title': 'Effect of any form of steroids in comparison with that of other medications on the duration of ' 'olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized trials and ' 'quasi-experimental studies', 'prefix': '10.1371', 'volume': '18', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-3431', 'authenticated-orcid': True, 'given': 'Phyo Zin', 'family': 'Winn', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Thein', 'family': 'Hlaing', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kyaw Myo', 'family': 'Tun', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Seim Lei', 'family': 'Lei', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '340', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref001', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3544', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms21103544', 'article-title': 'The role of lipid metabolism in Covid-19 virus infection and as a drug ' 'target', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'M Abu.Farha', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int. J. Mol. Sci'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref002', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '912', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.050', 'article-title': 'COVID-19-related organ dysfunction and management strategies on the ' 'intensive care unit: a narrative review', 'volume': '125', 'author': 'PB Sherren', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Br J Anaesth'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref003', 'article-title': 'Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of COVID-19; 237 ' 'countries and territories, January 2022: A systematic analysis for ' 'world health organization COVID-19 dashboard', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'SY Kim', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Life Cycle'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref004', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 and Multi organ Dysfunction Syndrome', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'JD Lakhani', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Intech Open'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref005', 'unstructured': 'Cafasso J. What Is Anosmia? 2019. [online] Healthline. Available at: ' '<https://www.healthline.com/health/anosmia> [Accessed 3 March 2022].'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref006', 'unstructured': 'Seladi-Schulman J. Parosmia After COVID-19: Causes, Duration, Treatment ' '& More. 2021. [online] Healthline. Available at: ' '<https://www.healthline.com/health/parosmia-after-covid> [Accessed 3 ' 'March 2022].'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref007', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '875', 'DOI': '10.1093/chemse/bjaa066', 'article-title': 'Gaining Back What Is Lost: Recovering the Sense of Smell in Mild to ' 'Moderate Patients After COVID-19', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'Lucia Iannuzzi', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Chemical Senses'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref008', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e33365', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0033365', 'article-title': 'Learning about the functions of the olfactory system from people ' 'without a sense of smell', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'I Croy', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One. 2012'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref009', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '101317', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101317', 'article-title': 'Variation in global COVID-19 symptoms by geography and by chronic ' 'disease: A global survey using the COVID-19 Symptom Mapper', 'volume': '45', 'author': 'B Kadirvelu', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'EClinicalMedicine'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref010', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '670', 'DOI': '10.36740/WLek202203119', 'article-title': 'Prevalence of sensory dysfunctions in adult Ukrainian population with ' 'laboratory confirmed COVID-19', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'I Myshchenko', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Wiadomości Lekarskie'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref011', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '623', 'DOI': '10.3390/medicina58050623', 'article-title': 'Frequency and Severity of Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) Symptoms during ' 'COVID-19 Infection', 'volume': '58', 'author': 'N Zięba', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Medicina (Kaunas)'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref012', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '131', 'DOI': '10.4193/RHINOL/21.034', 'article-title': 'COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction prevalence and natural history ' 'in ambulatory patients', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'DR Bacon', 'journal-title': 'Rhinol Online. 2021'}, { 'issue': '18', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref013', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e174', 'DOI': '10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174', 'article-title': 'Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 ' 'Patients', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Y Lee', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Korean Med Sci'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref014', 'first-page': '2775', 'article-title': 'Olfactory and gustatory abnormalities in COVID-19 cases', 'volume': '277', 'author': 'F Altin', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref015', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '944', 'DOI': '10.1002/alr.22587', 'article-title': 'Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'ST Moein', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Int Forum Allergy Rhinol'}, { 'issue': '16', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref016', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2262', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciaa525', 'article-title': 'Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19)', 'volume': '71', 'author': 'JC Luers', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref017', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '723', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1155', 'article-title': 'Prevalence of Taste and Smell Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019', 'volume': '146', 'author': 'G Mercante', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref018', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '714', 'DOI': '10.1177/0194599820934376', 'article-title': 'Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Identifier of COVID-19 ' 'in Adults and Children: An International Multicenter Study', 'volume': '163', 'author': 'C Qiu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref019', 'first-page': '249', 'article-title': 'Prevalence of Anosmia or Ageusia in Patients With COVID-19 Among United ' 'Arab Emirates Population', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'NH Al-Rawi', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int Dent J. 2022'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref020', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '436', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.medmal.2020.04.006', 'article-title': 'Features of anosmia in COVID-19', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'T Klopfenstein', 'journal-title': 'Med Mal Infect. 2020'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref021', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '103259', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103259', 'article-title': 'Patterns and clinical outcomes of olfactory and gustatory disorders in ' 'six months: Prospective study of 1031 COVID-19 patients', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'AA Teaima', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Am J Otolaryngol. 2022'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref022', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'E1134', 'DOI': '10.9778/cmajo.20210085', 'article-title': 'Association between new-onset anosmia and positive SARS-CoV-2 tests ' 'among people accessing outpatient testing in Toronto, Ontario: a ' 'retrospective cross-sectional study', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'B O’Neill', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'CMAJ OpenDec'}, { 'issue': '20', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref023', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3795', 'DOI': '10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00477', 'article-title': 'Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging ' 'Treatments', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'R Najafloo', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'ACS Chem Neurosci'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref024', 'first-page': '80', 'article-title': 'Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'M Rochet', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sci'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref025', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '8', 'DOI': '10.1186/1472-6815-13-8', 'article-title': 'Hidden consequences of olfactory dysfunction: a patient report series', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'A Keller', 'year': '2013', 'journal-title': 'BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref026', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '826', 'DOI': '10.3109/00016489.2010.539625', 'article-title': 'Effects of smell loss on daily life and adopted coping strategies in ' 'patients with nasal polyposis with asthma', 'volume': '131', 'author': 'S Nordin', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Acta Otolaryngol'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref027', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '28', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12995-018-0209-6', 'article-title': 'Olfactory dysfunction revisited: a reappraisal of work-related ' 'olfactory dysfunction caused by chemicals', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'S Werner', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'J Occup Med Toxicol'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref028', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '513', 'DOI': '10.1093/chemse/bjx025', 'article-title': 'Anosmia-A Clinical Review', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'S Boesveldt', 'year': '2017', 'journal-title': 'Chem Senses'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref029', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1000', 'DOI': '10.1001/archoto.2009.141', 'article-title': 'Treatment of postviral olfactory loss with glucocorticoids, Ginkgo ' 'biloba, and mometasone nasal spray', 'volume': '135', 'author': 'BS Seo', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref030', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '575', 'DOI': '10.1002/lary.25647', 'article-title': 'The role of surgery in the management of phantosmia', 'volume': '126', 'author': 'DK Morrissey', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Laryngoscope'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref031', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '244', 'DOI': '10.1177/0194599820943550', 'article-title': 'Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: Systematic ' 'Review and Meta-analysis', 'volume': '164', 'author': 'N Kattar', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref032', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '223', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.iac.2019.12.013', 'article-title': 'Olfactory Dysfunction and Chronic Rhinosinusitis', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'OG Ahmed', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Immunol Allergy Clin North Am'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref033', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1229', 'DOI': '10.3122/jabfm.2021.06.210254', 'article-title': 'Addressing post-COVID symptoms: A guide for primary care physicians', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'H Vance', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref034', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '387', 'DOI': '10.1159/000516316', 'article-title': 'Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory ' 'Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There any Benefit from ' 'Steroids?', 'volume': '83', 'author': 'S Genetzaki', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref035', 'article-title': 'The Prisma 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting ' 'systematic reviews', 'author': 'MJ Page', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref036', 'first-page': '102884', 'article-title': 'Corticosteroid nasal spray for recovery of smell sensation in COVID-19 ' 'patients: A randomized controlled trial', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'AA Abdelalim', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 Mar-Apr'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref037', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '107871', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107871', 'article-title': 'Mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of patients with ' 'COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction: A randomized, double blind clinical ' 'trial', 'volume': '98', 'author': 'H Kasiri', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Int Immunopharmacol'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref038', 'first-page': '103033', 'article-title': 'Effect of nasal corticosteroid in the treatment of anosmia due to ' 'COVID-19: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'RA Rashid', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Am J Otolaryngol. 2021'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref039', 'first-page': '102892', 'article-title': 'The outcome of fluticasone nasal spray on anosmia and triamcinolone ' 'oral paste in dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'CV Singh', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Am J Otolaryngol. 2021'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref040', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Comparison of the Healing Effect of Nasal Saline Irrigation with ' 'Triamcinolone Acetonide Versus Nasal Saline Irrigation alone in ' 'COVID-19 Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Randomized Controlled Study', 'author': 'E Yildiz', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref041', 'article-title': 'Persistent Parosmia Caused By COVID-19 Infection: An Emerging Symptom', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'W Khalifah', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Cureus'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref042', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '698', 'DOI': '10.3390/pathogens10060698', 'article-title': 'Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Oral and Nasal Corticosteroids in ' 'COVID-19 Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction: A European Multicenter ' 'Study', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'S Saussez', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Pathogens'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref043', 'first-page': '3113', 'article-title': 'Efficacy and safety of oral corticosteroids and olfactory training in ' 'the management of COVID-19-related loss of smell', 'volume': '278', 'author': 'SD Le Bon', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref044', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2', 'DOI': '10.1051/irm/2020003', 'article-title': 'A new strategy for treatment of Anosmia and Ageusia in COVID-19 ' 'patients', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'A Hosseini', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Integrative Respiratory Medicine'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref045', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Effect of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) syrup on olfactory ' 'dysfunction in COVID-19 infection: A pilot controlled clinical trial', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'F Hashem-Dabaghian', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Avicenna J Phytomed'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref046', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '465', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10787-022-00928-w', 'article-title': 'Inflawell® improves neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and shortens ' 'hospitalization in patients with moderate COVID-19, in a randomized ' 'double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'S Barzin Tond', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Inflammopharmacology'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref047', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '4101', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-020-02546-5', 'article-title': 'Olfactory Disturbances as Presenting Manifestation Among Egyptian ' 'Patients with COVID-19: Possible Role of Zinc', 'volume': '199', 'author': 'AA Abdelmaksoud', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Biol Trace Elem Res'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref048', 'first-page': '4156', 'article-title': 'Randomized clinical trial "olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19: ' 'olfactory rehabilitation therapy vs. intervention treatment with ' 'Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin": preliminary results', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'L D’Ascanio', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref049', 'first-page': '139', 'article-title': 'Omega-3 supplementation in postviral olfactory dysfunction: a pilot ' 'study', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'AK Hernandez', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Rhinology'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref050', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '312', 'DOI': '10.1007/s13365-022-01066-3', 'article-title': 'Post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction: carbamazepine as a treatment ' 'option in a series of cases', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'CCF Vasconcelos', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J Neurovirol'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref051', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '272', 'DOI': '10.3390/vaccines10020272', 'article-title': 'Post-Vaccination SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Health Workers at the ' 'University Hospital of Verona, Italy: A Retrospective Cohort Survey', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'S Porru', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Vaccines (Basel)'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref052', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '419', 'DOI': '10.1002/lary.29964', 'article-title': 'New Onset of Smell and Taste Loss Are Common Findings Also in Patients ' 'With Symptomatic COVID-19 After Complete Vaccination', 'volume': '132', 'author': 'LA Vaira', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Laryngoscope'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref053', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1748', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11606-022-07465-w', 'article-title': 'Association of Vaccination with the Persistence of Post-COVID Symptoms', 'volume': '37', 'author': 'JP Wisnivesky', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'J Gen Intern Med'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref054', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '348', 'DOI': '10.3390/medicina58030348', 'article-title': 'The Role of Social Media in Improving Patient Recruitment for Research ' 'Studies on Persistent Post-Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction', 'volume': '58', 'author': 'AL Pendolino', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Medicina (Kaunas)'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref055', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e29583', 'DOI': '10.2196/29583', 'article-title': 'Olfactory Training and Visual Stimulation Assisted by a Web Application ' 'for Patients With Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 ' 'Infection: Observational Study', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'F Denis', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Med Internet Res'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref056', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1433', 'DOI': '10.1002/lary.30101', 'article-title': 'Modified olfactory training is an effective treatment method for ' 'Covid‐19 induced parosmia', 'volume': '132', 'author': 'A Altundag', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'The Laryngoscope'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref057', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '760', 'DOI': '10.1002/alr.21727', 'article-title': 'Pharmacologic treatment for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A ' 'systematic review', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'L Harless', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref058', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '96', 'DOI': '10.2500/aap.2022.43.210107', 'article-title': 'Treatment strategies for postviral olfactory dysfunction: A systematic ' 'review', 'volume': '43', 'author': 'SN Helman', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Allergy Asthma Proc'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref059', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1102', 'DOI': '10.1002/alr.22758', 'article-title': 'Effects of olfactory training on posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction: A ' 'systematic review and meta‐analysis', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'T Huang', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology'}, { 'key': 'pone.0288285.ref060', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '708510', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnins.2021.708510', 'article-title': 'Steroids and Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: A ' 'Systematic Review', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'F Yuan', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Front Neurosci'}], 'container-title': 'PLOS ONE', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288285', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]], 'date-time': '2023-08-02T17:26:33Z', 'timestamp': 1690997193000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288285'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'editor': [{'given': 'Dong Keon', 'family': 'Yon', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]]}, 'references-count': 60, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '8', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]]}}, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288285', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1932-6203'], 'subject': [], 'container-title-short': 'PLoS ONE', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 2]]}}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit