Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895", "ISSN": [ "1935-2735" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895", "abstract": "<jats:p>A wide variety of symptoms is associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and these symptoms can overlap with other conditions and diseases. Knowing the distribution of symptoms across diseases and individuals can support clinical actions on timelines shorter than those for drug and vaccine development. Here, we focus on zinc deficiency symptoms, symptom overlap with other conditions, as well as zinc effects on immune health and mechanistic zinc deficiency risk groups. There are well-studied beneficial effects of zinc on the immune system including a decreased susceptibility to and improved clinical outcomes for infectious pathogens including multiple viruses. Zinc is also an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress agent, relevant to some severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. Unfortunately, zinc deficiency is common worldwide and not exclusive to the developing world. Lifestyle choices and preexisting conditions alone can result in zinc deficiency, and we compile zinc risk groups based on a review of the literature. It is also important to distinguish chronic zinc deficiency from deficiency acquired upon viral infection and immune response and their different supplementation strategies. Zinc is being considered as prophylactic or adjunct therapy for COVID-19, with 12 clinical trials underway, highlighting the relevance of this trace element for global pandemics. Using the example of zinc, we show that there is a critical need for a deeper understanding of essential trace elements in human health, and the resulting deficiency symptoms and their overlap with other conditions. This knowledge will directly support human immune health for decreasing susceptibility, shortening illness duration, and preventing progression to severe cases in the current and future pandemics.</jats:p>", "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8175-045X", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": true, "family": "Joachimiak", "given": "Marcin P.", "sequence": "first" } ], "container-title": "PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases", "container-title-short": "PLoS Negl Trop Dis", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "www.plosntds.org" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 1, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2021-01-04T18:28:15Z", "timestamp": 1609784895000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 10, 16 ] ], "date-time": "2023-10-16T20:44:41Z", "timestamp": 1697489081000 }, "editor": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Lau", "given": "Susanna Kar Pui", "sequence": "first" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 4, 27 ] ], "date-time": "2024-04-27T15:12:48Z", "timestamp": 1714230768036 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 49, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 1, 4 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 1, 4 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 1, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2021-01-04T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1609718400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008895", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "340", "original-title": [], "page": "e0008895", "prefix": "10.1371", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 1, 4 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2021, 1, 4 ] ] }, "publisher": "Public Library of Science (PLoS)", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.7150/ijbs.45472", "article-title": "Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses", "author": "Z-W Ye", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1686", "journal-title": "Int J Biol Sci", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref001", "volume": "16", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9", "article-title": "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2", "author": "KG Andersen", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "450", "journal-title": "Nat Med", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref002", "volume": "26", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/CMR.00023-07", "article-title": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection", "author": "VCC Cheng", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "660", "journal-title": "Clin Microbiol Rev", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref003", "volume": "20", "year": "2007" }, { "article-title": "Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China", "author": "C Wu", "journal-title": "JAMA Intern Med", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref004", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Implications of COVID-19 for patients with pre-existing digestive diseases", "author": "R Mao", "first-page": "426", "journal-title": "Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol.", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref005", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan", "author": "S Shi", "journal-title": "China JAMA Cardiol", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref006", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "author": "A Emami", "first-page": "e35", "journal-title": "Arch Acad Emerg Med", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref007", "volume": "8", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Predictors of Mortality for Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study", "author": "R-H Du", "journal-title": "Eur Respir J", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref008", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death", "author": "RE Jordan", "first-page": "m1198", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref009", "volume": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19)", "author": "H Nishiura", "journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis", "key": "pntd.0008895.ref010", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.m1165", "article-title": "Covid-19: identifying and isolating asymptomatic people helped eliminate virus in Italian village", "author": "M. 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