Antioxidant and oxidative enzymes, genetic variants, and cofactors as prognostic biomarkers of COVID-19 severity and mortality: a systematic review
et al., Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, doi:10.3389/fmolb.2025.1700263, Oct 2025
Zinc for COVID-19
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Review of oxidative stress biomarkers as prognostic indicators of COVID-19 severity and mortality through analysis of 146 studies encompassing enzymatic, genetic, and micronutrient determinants. Authors report that selenium and zinc deficiencies significantly correlated with increased mortality and prolonged hospitalization.
Review covers selenium and zinc.
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Contact: christer.janson@medsci.uu.se.
Antioxidant and oxidative enzymes, genetic variants, and cofactors as prognostic biomarkers of COVID-19 severity and mortality: a systematic review
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, doi:10.3389/fmolb.2025.1700263
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of coronavirus disease 2019 . Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection disrupts redox homeostasis through excessive generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, driving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and multi-organ injury. Serum oxidative and antioxidative enzymes, their genetic polymorphisms, and essential micronutrient cofactors have emerged as potential prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Evidence indicates that imbalances in antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase correlate with disease progression, while polymorphisms in GST, superoxide dismutase, CAT, and HO-1 genes may modify susceptibility and outcomes. Biomarkers of oxidative damage, including malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostanes, nitrotyrosine, and protein carbonyls, consistently associate with respiratory failure, intensive care admission, and mortality. Furthermore, micronutrients such as selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron, which act as enzymatic cofactors, influence antioxidant defense capacity and clinical prognosis. Despite promising data, limitations in biomarker standardization and assay specificity remain key challenges for clinical translation. The aim of this systematic review is to integrate enzymatic, genetic, and cofactor-based biomarkers to enhance risk stratification, challenging and to improve prognostic modelling in COVID-19. A better understanding of these biomarkers may facilitate early identification of high-risk patients, guide therapeutic interventions, and ultimately improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.
Author contributions SS: Conceptualization, Software, Writing -original draft. BI: Investigation, Writing -review and editing. IM: Investigation, Visualization, Writing -original draft. AF: Software, Writingreview and editing. CJ: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writingreview and editing.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement The author(s) declare that Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript. Generative AI tools were not used for data analysis or interpretation. Where applied in the writing process, such tools were only used to improve readability and language under strict human oversight. All content was carefully reviewed, verified, and edited by the authors, who take full responsibility for the work. Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.
Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or..
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"abstract": "<jats:p>Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection disrupts redox homeostasis through excessive generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, driving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and multi-organ injury. Serum oxidative and antioxidative enzymes, their genetic polymorphisms, and essential micronutrient cofactors have emerged as potential prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Evidence indicates that imbalances in antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase correlate with disease progression, while polymorphisms in GST, superoxide dismutase, CAT, and HO-1 genes may modify susceptibility and outcomes. Biomarkers of oxidative damage, including malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostanes, nitrotyrosine, and protein carbonyls, consistently associate with respiratory failure, intensive care admission, and mortality. Furthermore, micronutrients such as selenium, zinc, copper, manganese, and iron, which act as enzymatic cofactors, influence antioxidant defense capacity and clinical prognosis. Despite promising data, limitations in biomarker standardization and assay specificity remain key challenges for clinical translation. The aim of this systematic review is to integrate enzymatic, genetic, and cofactor-based biomarkers to enhance risk stratification, challenging and to improve prognostic modelling in COVID-19. A better understanding of these biomarkers may facilitate early identification of high-risk patients, guide therapeutic interventions, and ultimately improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.</jats:p>",
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