Virucidal activity of nasal sprays against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

Meister et al., Journal of Hospital Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.10.019

Feb 2022

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In Vitro study of seven nasal sprays and two oral sprays showing 3.4x lower viral load (log viral load 5.98->5.45) with a nasal spray containing carragelose (1.2 mg/mL), kappa-carrageenan (0.4 mg/mL), and sodium chlorite.

The most effective nasal spray was sodium hypochlorite (<0.08%), lithium-magnesium-sodium-silicate, showing 162x lower viral load (log 5.78->3.57), while an oral spray based on essential oils showed the greatest efficacy (anise oil, eucalyptus oil, levomenthol, myrrh extract, clove oil, peppermint oil ratanhia root extract, tormentil root extract), with >24,000x lower viral load (log 6.23->1.84).

15 preclinical studies support the efficacy of iota-carrageenan for COVID-19:

4 In Silico studies1-4

11 In Vitro studies3,5-14

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1. Rohilla et al., Algae Polysaccharides (Carrageenan and Alginate)—A Treasure-Trove of Antiviral Compounds: An In Silico Approach to Identify Potential Candidates for Inhibition of S1-RBD Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2, Stresses, doi:10.3390/stresses3030039.mdpi.com, doi.org.

2. Thet, H., The potential of carrageenan for the drug discovery of COVID-19 via molecular docking with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, Journal of Bioinformatics and Genomics, doi:10.18454/jbg.2022.18.2.001.journal-biogen.org, doi.org.

3. Alsaidi et al., Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model, Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418.mdpi.com, doi.org.

4. Sattari et al., Repositioning Therapeutics for COVID-19: Virtual Screening of the Potent Synthetic and Natural Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors, Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37994/v1.researchsquare.com, doi.org.

5. Yathindranath et al., Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Infection, International Journal of Nanomedicine, doi:10.2147/IJN.S448005.dovepress.com, doi.org.

6. Setz et al., Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5, Nutraceuticals, doi:10.3390/nutraceuticals3030025.mdpi.com, doi.org.

7. Meister et al., Virucidal activity of nasal sprays against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, Journal of Hospital Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.10.019.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

8. Bovard et al., Iota-carrageenan extracted from red algae is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in reconstituted human airway epithelia, Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101187.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

9. Fröba et al., Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms222413202.mdpi.com, doi.org.

10. Varese et al., Iota-carrageenan prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on an in vitro respiratory epithelium model, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441512.biorxiv.org, doi.org.

11. Morokutti-Kurz et al., Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237480.plos.org, doi.org.

12. Song et al., Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2, Food & Function, doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F.rsc.org, doi.org.

13. Bansal et al., Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259943.plos.org, doi.org.

14. Morokutti-Kurz (B) et al., Amylmetacresol/2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, hexylresorcinol, or carrageenan lozenges as active treatments for sore throat, International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S120665.dovepress.com, doi.org.

Meister et al., 28 Feb 2022, Germany, peer-reviewed, 9 authors. Contact: eike.steinmann@ruhr-uni-bochum.de.

In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

This Paper Iota-carragee..All

Virucidal activity of nasal sprays against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

T L Meister, D Todt, Y Brüggemann, J Steinmann, S Banava, F H H Brill, J Steinmann, S Pfaender, E Steinmann

Journal of Hospital Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.10.019

The highest viral loads of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 are detectable in the oral cavity, so a potential reduction of infectious virus by nasal and oral sprays could reduce transmission. Therefore, the inactivation capacity of nine nasal and oral sprays was evaluated according to EN 14476. One nasal spray based on sodium hypochlorite and one oral spray containing essential oils reduced viral titres by two to three orders of magnitude. Although clinical data are still sparse, nasal and oral sprays display a more convenient application for elderly people or those who are unable to rinse/gargle.

References

Fazekas, Eickhoff, Pruckner, Vollnhofer, Fischmeister et al., Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold, BMC Complement Altern Med

Herrera, Serrano, Rolda ´n, Sanz, Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic?, Clin Oral Investig

Kramer, Eggers, Hu ¨bner N-O, Walger, Steinmann et al., Virucidal gargling and virucidal nasal spray, GMS Hyg Infect Control

Meister, Bru ¨ggemann, Todt, Conzelmann, Mu ¨ller et al., Virucidal efficacy of different oral rinses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, J Infect Dis

Meister, Fortmann, Todt, Heinen, Ludwig et al., Comparable environmental stability and disinfection profiles of the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, J Infect Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab260

Morokutti-Kurz, ¨ba, Graf, Große, Grassauer et al., Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro, PLoS One

O'donnell, Thomas, Stanton, Maillard, Murphy et al., Potential role of oral rinses targeting the viral lipid envelope in SARS-CoV-2 infection, Function

Sanekata, Fukuda, Miura, Morino, Lee et al., Evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus, Biocontrol Sci

Schu ¨tz, Conzelmann, Fois, Groß, Weil et al., Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol

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