Abstract: TYPE Clinical Trial
PUBLISHED 20 October 2023
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725
OPEN ACCESS
EDITED BY
Tanushree Dangi,
Northwestern University, United States
REVIEWED BY
Kin Israel Notarte,
Johns Hopkins University, United States
Diego Cantoni,
MRC-University of Glasgow Centre For
Virus Research (MRC), United Kingdom
*CORRESPONDENCE
Marina S. Lebedkina
marina.ivanova0808@yandex.ru
RECEIVED 16 July 2023
ACCEPTED 26 September 2023
PUBLISHED 20 October 2023
CITATION
Fomina DS, Lebedkina MS, Iliukhina AA,
Kovyrshina AV, Shelkov AY, Andreev SS,
Chernov AA, Dolzhikova IV, Kruglova TS,
Andrenova GV, Tukhvatulin AI,
Shcheblyakov DV, Karaulov AV,
Lysenko MA, Logunov DY and Gintsburg AL
(2023) Real-world clinical effectiveness
of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab and
Regdanvimab monoclonal antibodies
for COVID-19 treatment in Omicron
variant-dominant period.
Front. Immunol. 14:1259725.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725
COPYRIGHT
© 2023 Fomina, Lebedkina, Iliukhina,
Kovyrshina, Shelkov, Andreev, Chernov,
Dolzhikova, Kruglova, Andrenova,
Tukhvatulin, Shcheblyakov, Karaulov,
Lysenko, Logunov and Gintsburg. This is an
open-access article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY). The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted,
provided the original author(s) and the
copyright owner(s) are credited and that
the original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted
academic practice. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not
comply with these terms.
Frontiers in Immunology
Real-world clinical effectiveness
of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab and
Regdanvimab monoclonal
antibodies for COVID-19
treatment in Omicron
variant-dominant period
Daria S. Fomina 1,3, Marina S. Lebedkina 1*, Anna A. Iliukhina 2,
Anna V. Kovyrshina 2, Artem Y. Shelkov 2, Sergey S. Andreev 1,
Anton A. Chernov 1, Inna V. Dolzhikova 2, Tatyana S. Kruglova 1,
Gerelma V. Andrenova 1, Amir I. Tukhvatulin 2,
Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov 2, Alexander V. Karaulov 3,
Maryana A. Lysenko 1,4, Denis Y. Logunov 2
and Alexander L. Gintsburg 2,3
1
Department of Allergy and Immunology, City Clinical Hospital No.52 of Moscow Healthcare
Department, Moscow, Russia, 2 State Virus Collection Laboratory, Federal State Budget Institution
“National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N
F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 3 Allergy and
Immunology Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
(Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia, 4 General Therapy Department, Pirogov Russian National
Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
Several virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become new tools
in the treatment of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but their effectiveness
against the rapidly mutating virus is questionable. The present study investigated
the effectiveness of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab and Regdanvimab for mild and
moderate COVID-19 treatment in real-world clinical practice during the
Omicron variant-dominant period. Patients with known risk factors for disease
progression and increasing disease severity were enrolled in the study within the
first 7 days of symptom onset. Seventy-seven patients were divided into four
groups: first 15 patients received 300 mg Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab..
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725",
"ISSN": [
"1664-3224"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725",
"abstract": "<jats:p>Several virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become new tools in the treatment of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but their effectiveness against the rapidly mutating virus is questionable. The present study investigated the effectiveness of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab and Regdanvimab for mild and moderate COVID-19 treatment in real-world clinical practice during the Omicron variant-dominant period. Patients with known risk factors for disease progression and increasing disease severity were enrolled in the study within the first 7 days of symptom onset. Seventy-seven patients were divided into four groups: first 15 patients received 300 mg Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab intravenously (IV) and 23 patients got the same drug 300 mg intramuscularly (IM), the next 15 patients was on the same combination in dose of 600 mg IV, and 24 patients were on Regdanvimab at a dose of 40 mg/kg IV. By Day 4, 100% of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab IV patients showed negative polymerase chain reaction results for SARS-CoV-2 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) regardless of the mAbs dose while in the Regdanvimab group 29% of the patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA. The testing for virus neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to various Omicron sublineages (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5) showed that an increase in nAb levels was detected in blood serum immediately after the drug administration only in Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab 300 mg and 600 mg IV groups. In the group of intravenous Regdanvimab, a significant increase in the level of nAbs to the Wuhan variant was detected immediately after the drug administration, while no increase in nAbs to different Omicron sublineages was observed.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration</jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https://clinicaltrials.gov/</jats:uri>, identifier NCT05982704.</jats:p></jats:sec>",
"alternative-id": [
"10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725"
],
"author": [
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Fomina",
"given": "Daria S.",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Lebedkina",
"given": "Marina S.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Iliukhina",
"given": "Anna A.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Kovyrshina",
"given": "Anna V.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Shelkov",
"given": "Artem Y.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Andreev",
"given": "Sergey S.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Chernov",
"given": "Anton A.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Dolzhikova",
"given": "Inna V.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Kruglova",
"given": "Tatyana S.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Andrenova",
"given": "Gerelma V.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Tukhvatulin",
"given": "Amir I.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Shcheblyakov",
"given": "Dmitry V.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Karaulov",
"given": "Alexander V.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Lysenko",
"given": "Maryana A.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Logunov",
"given": "Denis Y.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Gintsburg",
"given": "Alexander L.",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Frontiers in Immunology",
"container-title-short": "Front. Immunol.",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": true,
"domain": [
"frontiersin.org"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
10,
20
]
],
"date-time": "2023-10-20T13:21:47Z",
"timestamp": 1697808107000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
10,
20
]
],
"date-time": "2023-10-20T13:21:50Z",
"timestamp": 1697808110000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
4,
2
]
],
"date-time": "2025-04-02T15:03:29Z",
"timestamp": 1743606209419
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 2,
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
10,
20
]
]
},
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"content-version": "vor",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
10,
20
]
],
"date-time": "2023-10-20T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1697760000000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725/full",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "1965",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.3389",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
10,
20
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2023,
10,
20
]
]
},
"publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41564-021-01053-0",
"article-title": "Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes with variants of concern in Ontario",
"author": "Nasreen",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat Microbiol",
"key": "B1",
"volume": "7",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00297-X",
"article-title": "Vaccination and protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants in people with immunodeficiencies",
"author": "Nadesalingam",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Lancet Microbe",
"key": "B2",
"volume": "4",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00593-3",
"article-title": "Response to additional COVID-19 vaccine doses in people who are immunocompromised: a rapid review",
"author": "Parker",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Lancet Glob Health",
"key": "B3",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1182/blood.2020008824",
"article-title": "Outcomes of patients with hematologic Malignancies and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 patients",
"author": "Vijenthira",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Blood",
"key": "B4",
"volume": "136",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2020.589474",
"article-title": "COVID-19 and systemic lupus erythematosus: focus on immune response and therapeutics",
"author": "Spihlman",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Front Immunol",
"key": "B5",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.5507/bp.2020.033",
"article-title": "Multiple sclerosis and COVID-19",
"author": "Mares",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub",
"key": "B6",
"volume": "164",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102523",
"article-title": "COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis: Faraway, so close",
"author": "Favalli",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Autoimmun Rev",
"key": "B7",
"volume": "19",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2011117",
"article-title": "Covid-19 and kidney transplantation",
"author": "Akalin",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "B8",
"volume": "382",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12979-019-0164-9",
"article-title": "Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses",
"author": "Crooke",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Immun Ageing",
"key": "B9",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2019"
},
{
"DOI": "10.15585/mmwr.mm7127a3",
"article-title": "Factors associated with severe outcomes among immunocompromised adults hospitalized for COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 10 states, march 2020-february 2022",
"author": "Singson",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep",
"key": "B10",
"volume": "71",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jama.2021.7212",
"article-title": "Researchers tie severe immunosuppression to chronic COVID-19 and virus variants",
"author": "Abbasi",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "JAMA",
"key": "B11",
"volume": "325",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"key": "B12",
"unstructured": "AstraZeneca PharmaceuticalsLP\n Immunocompromised populations and the risk of viral variants. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP website2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.890517",
"article-title": "COVID-19 and preexisting comorbidities: risks, synergies, and clinical outcomes",
"author": "Bigdelou",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Front Immunol",
"key": "B13",
"volume": "13",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/vaccines11040724",
"article-title": "Humoral response in hemodialysis patients post-SARS-coV-2 mRNA vaccination: A systematic review of literature",
"author": "Notarte",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Vaccines (Basel)",
"key": "B14",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.026",
"article-title": "COVID-19 vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: Current concepts, uncertainties and challenges",
"author": "Pal",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Diabetes Metab Syndr",
"key": "B15",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1159/000523753",
"article-title": "Vaccination for SARS-coV-2 in hematological patients",
"author": "Riccardi",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Acta Haematol",
"key": "B16",
"volume": "145",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cct.2022.106700",
"article-title": "COVID-19 vaccines: Considering sex differences in efficacy and safety",
"author": "Jensen",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Contemp Clin Trials",
"key": "B17",
"volume": "115",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.14740/jh1062",
"article-title": "Real-world effectiveness of tixagevimab and cilgavimab (Evusheld) in patients with hematological Malignancies",
"author": "Ocon",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "210",
"journal-title": "J Hematol",
"key": "B18",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"key": "B19",
"unstructured": "FDA Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19 20202020"
},
{
"key": "B20",
"unstructured": "FDA Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19 20202020"
},
{
"key": "B21",
"unstructured": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes New Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibodies for Pre-exposure Prevention of COVID-19 in Certain Individuals"
},
{
"DOI": "10.24110/0031-403X-2022-101-3-156-169",
"article-title": "SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies: mechanism of action and research results",
"author": "Fomina",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Pediatria N.A. G.N. Speransky",
"key": "B22",
"volume": "101",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1001/jama.2022.12178",
"article-title": "Evusheld reduces COVID-19 disease severity among unvaccinated adults",
"author": "Slomski",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "322",
"journal-title": "JAMA",
"key": "B23",
"volume": "328",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMc2119407",
"article-title": "Efficacy of antibodies and antiviral drugs against covid-19 omicron variant",
"author": "Takashita",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "B24",
"volume": "386",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.12.002",
"article-title": "Effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies in preventing severe COVID-19 with emergence of the delta variant",
"author": "O’Horo",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Mayo Clin Proc",
"key": "B25",
"volume": "97",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-021-01676-0",
"article-title": "mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant",
"author": "Gruell",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat Med",
"key": "B26",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jmv.28241",
"article-title": "In silico evaluation of the impact of Omicron variant of concern sublineage BA.4 and BA.5 on the sensitivity of RT-qPCR assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection using whole genome sequencing",
"author": "Sharma",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "e28241",
"journal-title": "J Med Virol",
"key": "B27",
"volume": "95",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2107934",
"article-title": "Early treatment for covid-19 with SARS-coV-2 neutralizing antibody sotrovimab",
"author": "Gupta",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "B28",
"volume": "385",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/ofid/ofac053",
"article-title": "Efficacy and safety of regdanvimab (CT-P59): A phase 2/3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in outpatients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019",
"author": "Streinu-Cercel",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Open Forum Infect Dis",
"key": "B29",
"volume": "9",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101102",
"article-title": "Casirivimab– Imdevimab treatment is associated with reduced rates of hospitalization among high-risk patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease-19",
"author": "Razonable",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Lancet’s Eclinical Med",
"key": "B30",
"volume": "40",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2109682",
"article-title": "Subcutaneous REGEN-COV antibody combination to prevent covid-19",
"author": "O’Brien",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "B31",
"volume": "385",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2102685",
"article-title": "BLAZE-1 investigators. Bamlanivimab plus etesevimab in mild or moderate covid-19",
"author": "Dougan",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "B32",
"volume": "385",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00215-6",
"article-title": "ACTIV-3–Therapeutics for Inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO) Study Group. Tixagevimab-cilgavimab for treatment of patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Lancet Respir Med",
"key": "B33",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"article-title": "Emerging variants of SARS-coV-2 and novel therapeutics against coronavirus (COVID-19)",
"author": "Aleem",
"key": "B34",
"volume-title": "StatPearls",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s40265-022-01731-1",
"article-title": "Tixagevimab + Cilgavimab: first approval",
"author": "Keam",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Drugs",
"key": "B35",
"volume": "82",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"key": "B36",
"unstructured": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Version 16 (08/18/2022)"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-022-01911-2",
"article-title": "Emergence of SARS-coV-2 omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa",
"author": "Tegally",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat Med",
"key": "B37",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-021-01678-y",
"article-title": "An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies",
"author": "VanBlargan",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat Med",
"key": "B38",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-021-04386-2",
"article-title": "Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift",
"author": "Cameroni",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "B39",
"volume": "602",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100850",
"article-title": "Longitudinal analysis of serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies",
"author": "Bruel",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Cell Rep Med",
"key": "B40",
"volume": "3",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.26442/00403660.2022.05.201690",
"article-title": "Efficacy and safety of regdanvimab in patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 and high risk of progression of the disease: a retrospective study in a short-term stay unit",
"author": "Mаrkina",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter Arkh)",
"key": "B41",
"volume": "94",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-022-04980-y",
"article-title": "BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection",
"author": "Cao",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "593",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "B42",
"volume": "608",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/v14020390",
"article-title": "In-silico analysis of monoclonal antibodies against SARS-coV-2 omicron",
"author": "Hu",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Viruses",
"key": "B43",
"volume": "14",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciac143",
"article-title": "Omicron variant escapes therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) including recently released evusheld®, contrary to 8 prior main variant of concern (VOC)",
"author": "Boschi",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis",
"key": "B44",
"volume": "75",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/spectrum.00333-23",
"article-title": "Molecular characterization of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-cilgavimab) neutralization of SARS-coV-2 omicron sublineages",
"author": "Roe",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "e0033323",
"journal-title": "Microbiol Spectr",
"key": "B45",
"volume": "11",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-022-01792-5",
"article-title": "Serum neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 in patients receiving monoclonal antibodies",
"author": "Bruel",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Nat Med",
"key": "B46",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/cpt.2706",
"article-title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of tixagevimab/cilgavimab (AZD7442) administered intravenously versus intramuscularly in symptomatic SARS-coV-2 infection",
"author": "Bender Ignacio",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"journal-title": "Clin Pharmacol Ther",
"key": "B47",
"volume": "112",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/0378-5173(94)90103-1",
"article-title": "Release and absorption rate aspects of intramuscularly injected pharmaceuticals",
"author": "Zuidema",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"first-page": "1",
"journal-title": "Int J Pharm",
"key": "B48",
"volume": "47",
"year": "1988"
}
],
"reference-count": 48,
"references-count": 48,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259725/full"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Real-world clinical effectiveness of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab and Regdanvimab monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 treatment in Omicron variant-dominant period",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy",
"volume": "14"
}