Supplementary Data — Budesonide reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 15 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 31V31
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ STOIC Ramakrish.. (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.79] hosp./ER 2/73 11/73 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control STOIC Ramakrish.. (RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.75] hosp./ER 1/70 10/69 STOIC Ramakrish.. (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.15-0.72] no recov. 7/70 21/69 TOGETHER Reis (DB RCT) -200% 3.00 [0.12-73.5] death 1/738 0/738 CT​1​ TOGETHER Reis (DB RCT) 12% 0.88 [0.32-2.40] hosp. 7/738 8/738 CT​1​ TOGETHER Reis (DB RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.25-0.92] progression 13/738 27/738 CT​1​ Ramlall (ICU) 71% 0.29 [0.11-0.78] death 33 (n) 915 (n) Intubated patients PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT) 39% 0.61 [0.22-1.67] death 6/787 10/799 PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.44-1.98] ventilation 13/776 14/784 PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.23-1.01] ICU 10/771 21/779 PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.55-1.03] death/hosp. 72/787 116/1,069 PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.74-0.93] recov. time 787 (n) 1,069 (n) Al Sulaiman (ICU) 32% 0.68 [0.41-1.13] death 30/64 31/64 ICU patients MP 80%​2​ Al Sulaiman (ICU) 47% 0.53 [0.31-0.93] death 25/65 29/65 ICU patients MP 80%​2​ Alsultan (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.42-2.71] death 5/14 7/21 TACTIC Agustí (RCT) -23% 1.23 [0.08-19.0] death 1/40 1/49 TACTIC Agustí (RCT) 39% 0.61 [0.12-3.17] progression 2/40 4/49 Bhandari 67% 0.33 [0.01-8.02] death 0/60 1/60 Bhandari 33% 0.67 [0.49-0.90] oxygen time 60 (n) 60 (n) Bhandari 26% 0.74 [0.57-0.96] hosp. time 60 (n) 60 (n) Bhandari 37% 0.63 [0.48-0.84] recov. time 60 (n) 60 (n) Yang -11% 1.11 [0.62-1.97] death 30/125 13/60 Samajdar 58% 0.42 [0.08-2.05] death 2/50 5/52 CT​1​ Samajdar 65% 0.35 [0.04-3.22] ventilation 1/50 3/52 CT​1​ Samajdar 69% 0.31 [0.09-1.07] hosp. 3/50 10/52 CT​1​ Samajdar 29% 0.71 [0.55-0.91] no recov. 50 (n) 52 (n) CT​1​ Samajdar 10% 0.90 [0.80-1.02] no recov. 50 (n) 52 (n) CT​1​ Dhanger (RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.18-1.80] death 4/40 7/40 Dhanger (RCT) 78% 0.22 [0.09-0.51] ICU 5/40 23/40 Dhanger (RCT) 70% 0.30 [0.16-0.55] no recov. 9/40 30/40 Lee 33% 0.67 [0.42-1.08] cases 19/1,674 95/5,345 Monserrat .. (PSM) 49% 0.51 [0.28-0.90] death n/a n/a Loucera 22% 0.78 [0.65-0.92] death 1,047 (n) 14,921 (n) Bai 31% 0.69 [0.40-1.19] hosp. 71 (n) 241 (n) CT​1​ Bai 51% 0.49 [0.27-0.90] hosp. 10/71 69/241 CT​1​ Bai 13% 0.87 [0.59-1.29] hosp. 30/129 49/183 CT​1​ Bai 24% 0.76 [0.66-0.87] cases 71 (n) 241 (n) CT​1​ Bai 17% 0.83 [0.69-0.99] cases 44/71 181/241 CT​1​ Bai 29% 0.71 [0.61-0.83] cases 78/129 147/173 CT​1​ Budesonide COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment​2​ MP: multiple medications, percentage budesonide shown Favors budesonide Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
Loading..
Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.