Supplementary Data — Budesonide reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 15 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 33V33 (V1 2021)
c19early.org
October 2026

Budesonide COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Ramakrish.. (RCT)82%0.18 · 0.04–0.79hosp./ER2/7311/73STOIC Ramakrish.. (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–0.75hosp./ER1/7010/69STOIC Ramakrish.. (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.15–0.72no recov.7/7021/69STOIC Reis (DB RCT)−200%3.00 · 0.12–73.53death1/7380/738TOGETHERCT2 Reis (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.32–2.40hosp.7/7388/738TOGETHERCT2 Reis (DB RCT)50%0.50 · 0.25–0.92progression13/73827/738TOGETHERCT2 Strub-Wour.. (RCT)91%0.09 · 0.01–1.48progression0/1439/817ANTICOVOT1 CT2 Strub-Wour.. (RCT)5%0.95 · 0.22–4.21hosp.2/14312/817ANTICOVOT1 CT2 Yu (RCT)39%0.61 · 0.22–1.67death6/78710/799PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT)6%0.94 · 0.44–1.98ventilation13/77614/784PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT)52%0.48 · 0.23–1.01ICU10/77121/779PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT)25%0.75 · 0.55–1.03death/hosp.72/787116/1,069PRINCIPLE Yu (RCT)17%0.83 · 0.74–0.93recov. time787 (n)1,069 (n)PRINCIPLE Al Sulaiman (ICU)32%0.68 · 0.41–1.13death30/6431/64ICU patients MP 80%3 Al Sulaiman (ICU)47%0.53 · 0.31–0.93death25/6529/65ICU patients MP 80%3 Alsultan (RCT)−7%1.07 · 0.42–2.71death5/147/21 Agustí (RCT)−23%1.23 · 0.08–18.98death1/401/49TACTIC Agustí (RCT)39%0.61 · 0.12–3.17progression2/404/49TACTIC Bhandari67%0.33 · 0.01–8.02death0/601/60 Bhandari33%0.67 · 0.49–0.90oxygen time60 (n)60 (n) Bhandari26%0.74 · 0.57–0.96hosp. time60 (n)60 (n) Bhandari37%0.63 · 0.48–0.84recov. time60 (n)60 (n) Yang−11%1.11 · 0.62–1.97death30/12513/60 Samajdar58%0.42 · 0.08–2.05death2/505/52CT2 Samajdar65%0.35 · 0.04–3.22ventilation1/503/52CT2 Samajdar69%0.31 · 0.09–1.07hosp.3/5010/52CT2 Samajdar29%0.71 · 0.55–0.91no recov.50 (n)52 (n)CT2 Samajdar10%0.90 · 0.80–1.02no recov.50 (n)52 (n)CT2 Dhanger (RCT)43%0.57 · 0.18–1.80death4/407/40 Dhanger (RCT)78%0.22 · 0.09–0.51ICU5/4023/40 Dhanger (RCT)70%0.30 · 0.16–0.55no recov.9/4030/40 Lee33%0.67 · 0.42–1.08cases19/1,67495/5,345 Monserrat .. (PSM)49%0.51 · 0.28–0.90deathn/an/a Loucera22%0.78 · 0.65–0.92death1,047 (n)14,921 (n) Bai31%0.69 · 0.40–1.19hosp.71 (n)241 (n)CT2 Bai51%0.49 · 0.27–0.90hosp.10/7169/241CT2 Bai13%0.87 · 0.59–1.29hosp.30/12949/183CT2 Bai24%0.76 · 0.66–0.87cases71 (n)241 (n)CT2 Bai17%0.83 · 0.68–1.00cases44/71181/241CT2 Bai29%0.71 · 0.61–0.83cases78/129147/173CT2
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
2 CT: study uses combined treatment
3 MP: multiple drugs, budesonide % shown
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← Budesonide
reduces riskBudesonide
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.