Supplementary Data — Improved sleep reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 16 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 19V19
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Cloosterman 32% 0.68 [0.43-1.07] symp. case 31/201 222/2,385 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Gao 36% 0.64 [0.42-0.97] cases case control Kim 17% 0.83 [0.70-0.99] m/s case 2,884 (all patients) Kim 11% 0.89 [0.81-0.97] cases 2,884 (all patients) COVIDENCE UK Holt 12% 0.88 [0.61-1.27] cases 15,227 (all patients) COVIDENCE UK Holt 12% 0.88 [0.68-1.14] cases 15,227 (all patients) COVIDENCE UK Holt 22% 0.78 [0.60-0.99] cases 15,227 (all patients) Marcus 16% 0.84 [0.76-0.93] symp. case 14,335 (all patients) Li 43% 0.57 [0.35-0.90] death 46,535 (all patients) Li 36% 0.64 [0.46-0.89] hosp. 46,535 (all patients) Li 21% 0.79 [0.64-0.96] hosp. 46,535 (all patients) Ahmadi 3% 0.97 [0.59-1.61] death 189/252,788 17/14,520 Mohsin 38% 0.62 [0.49-0.77] severe case 327/948 273/552 Huang 81% 0.19 [0.05-0.66] severe case 12/127 4/9 Paul 67% 0.33 [0.19-0.55] PASC 1,811 (all patients) LONG COVID Paul 54% 0.46 [0.28-0.74] PASC 1,811 (all patients) LONG COVID Jones 39% 0.61 [0.45-0.82] death n/a n/a Jones 32% 0.68 [0.56-0.82] hosp. n/a n/a Jones 7% 0.93 [0.86-1.00] cases n/a n/a Pływaczewska-J.. 17% 0.83 [0.68-1.01] m/s case 1,225 (n) 622 (n) Pływaczewska-J.. 7% 0.93 [0.73-1.16] PASC 1,015 (n) 502 (n) Wang 36% 0.64 [0.50-0.82] PASC 559 (n) 180 (n) LONG COVID Wang 18% 0.82 [0.69-0.99] PASC 1,979 (all patients) LONG COVID Wang 30% 0.70 [0.52-0.94] PASC 238 (n) 166 (n) LONG COVID Pavlidou 40% 0.60 [0.50-0.75] cases 3,345 (n) 1,852 (n) Wang 19% 0.81 [0.72-0.92] death 50,777 (n) 18,119 (n) Wang 15% 0.85 [0.80-0.89] hosp. 50,777 (n) 18,119 (n) Wang 23% 0.77 [0.73-0.82] PASC 50,777 (n) 18,119 (n) Atceken 67% 0.33 [0.13-0.79] severe case 39 (n) 182 (n) Sleep COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 Favors improved sleep Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.