Inhibitory efficiency of Andrographis paniculata extract on viral multiplication and nitric oxide production

{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 14]], 'date-time': '2023-11-14T00:33:37Z', 'timestamp': 1699922017998}, 'reference-count': 22, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 13]], 'date-time': '2023-11-13T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1699833600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 13]], 'date-time': '2023-11-13T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1699833600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100005076', 'name': 'Agricultural Research Development Agency', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['CRP6405032190']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/100015396', 'name': 'Thailand Center of Excellence for Life Sciences', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'award': ['TC-A 16/63']}, { 'name': 'Ratchadapiseksompotch endowment funds, Faculty of Medicine', 'award': ['RA-MF-20/64']}, { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100014795', 'name': 'Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Andrographis paniculata</jats:italic> ' '(Burm. F.) Nees is a medicinal plant previously reported with broad-spectrum antivirals but ' 'the mode of inhibition remains elusive. The objective of this study was to identify the most ' 'active fraction from <jats:italic>A. paniculata</jats:italic> ethanol extract (APE, APE-2A, ' 'APE-2B and APE-2C) and dry powder extract (APSP) against influenza A (H3N2), representing RNA ' 'viruses, and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), representing DNA viruses. The results showed ' 'that the fractions APSP, APE, APE-2B, and APE-2C directly neutralized the HSV-1 and influenza ' 'A (H3N2) when incubated at room temperature for 60\xa0min before infecting the cells. The ' 'results also showed that the additional APE-2A fraction also directly neutralized the ' 'influenza A (H3N2), but not the HSV-1. The APE, APE-2B and APE-2C inhibited the HSV-1 by more ' 'than 0.5 log when the fractions were introduced after infection. Similarly, the APSP and APE ' 'inhibited the influenza A (H3N2) more than 0.5 log after infection. Only 50\xa0μg/mL APE-2C ' 'inhibited the viruses greater than 0.5 log. In addition, A. ' '<jats:italic>paniculata</jats:italic> extracts were also evaluated for their interfering ' 'capacities against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As ' 'well, APE-2C potently inhibited NO production at the IC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> of 6.08\xa0' 'μg/mL. HPLC and LC–MS analysis indicated that the most actively antiviral fractions did not ' 'contain any andrographolide derivatives, whereas the andrographolide-rich fractions showed ' 'moderate activity.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-023-46249-y', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 13]], 'date-time': '2023-11-13T10:01:54Z', 'timestamp': 1699869714000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Inhibitory efficiency of Andrographis paniculata extract on viral multiplication and nitric ' 'oxide production', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'volume': '13', 'author': [ {'given': 'Ittipon', 'family': 'Siridechakorn', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Parvapan', 'family': 'Bhattarakosol', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Thanayod', 'family': 'Sasivimolrattana', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sasiprapa', 'family': 'Anoma', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Eakkaluk', 'family': 'Wongwad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nitra', 'family': 'Nuengchamnong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ekasit', 'family': 'Kowitdamrong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Siwaporn', 'family': 'Boonyasuppayakorn', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Neti', 'family': 'Waranuch', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 11, 13]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '46249_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '291', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.004', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'RA Kumar', 'year': '2004', 'unstructured': 'Kumar, R. 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