Inhibitory efficiency of Andrographis paniculata extract on viral multiplication and nitric oxide production
Ittipon Siridechakorn, Parvapan Bhattarakosol, Thanayod Sasivimolrattana, Sasiprapa Anoma, Eakkaluk Wongwad, Nitra Nuengchamnong, Ekasit Kowitdamrong, Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn, Neti Waranuch
Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46249-y
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees is a medicinal plant previously reported with broad-spectrum antivirals but the mode of inhibition remains elusive. The objective of this study was to identify the most active fraction from A. paniculata ethanol extract (APE, APE-2A, APE-2B and APE-2C) and dry powder extract (APSP) against influenza A (H3N2), representing RNA viruses, and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), representing DNA viruses. The results showed that the fractions APSP, APE, APE-2B, and APE-2C directly neutralized the HSV-1 and influenza A (H3N2) when incubated at room temperature for 60 min before infecting the cells. The results also showed that the additional APE-2A fraction also directly neutralized the influenza A (H3N2), but not the HSV-1. The APE, APE-2B and APE-2C inhibited the HSV-1 by more than 0.5 log when the fractions were introduced after infection. Similarly, the APSP and APE inhibited the influenza A (H3N2) more than 0.5 log after infection. Only 50 μg/mL APE-2C inhibited the viruses greater than 0.5 log. In addition, A. paniculata extracts were also evaluated for their interfering capacities against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As well, APE-2C potently inhibited NO production at the IC 50 of 6.08 μg/ mL. HPLC and LC-MS analysis indicated that the most actively antiviral fractions did not contain any andrographolide derivatives, whereas the andrographolide-rich fractions showed moderate activity. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees, commonly known in Thailand as "Fah Thalai Jone" belongs to the Acanthaceae family and is found throughout tropical and subtropical Asia and Southeast Asia 1 . A. paniculata extracts exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as immunostimulatory 1,2 , antiviral 3,4 , and antibacterial activities 5 . A. paniculata extracts contain several constituents with a high content of andrographolide. The extract has broad-spectrum antiviral properties including the possibility of in vitro and in vivo anti-HIV 6 , as well as in vitro anti-dengue virus and chikungunya virus activity 7 . A. paniculata extracts are effective against the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) that causes herpes 8 as well as reduced the inflammation caused by influenza viruses 9,10 . In addition, these extracts have also been reported to inhibit the division of influenza viruses 11 , hepatitis C virus 12 , and anti-viral mutations that cause resistance to such antiretroviral drugs 13 . The anti-inflammatory 14 and anti-allergic activities 15 of A. paniculata have been attributed to andrographolide, which is the major active compound 16,17 . Because of the COVID-19 pandemic that first arose in December 2019, this virus poses a serious risk to patients. The key mechanism for the manifestation of this disease is the inflammation process, which was the focus of this research which investigated the antiviral efficacy and anti-inflammation of A. paniculata extract. As..
Author contributions
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
References
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doi:10.1080/08923970701692916DOI record:
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