Clinical antiviral efficacy of favipiravir in early COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial

Luvira et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08835-3, PLATCOV, NCT05041907, Apr 2023 (preprint)

https://c19early.org/luvira.html

High conflict of interest RCT with very low risk patients, high existing immunity, and a post-hoc change to exclude patients more likely to benefit. There was no significant difference in viral clearance with favipiravir among patients with high viral load at baseline. Patients in both arms had very short viral clearance half-life times.

With rapid viral clearance and very low risk patients, infection is less likely to spread to other tissues. Systemic treatment is less applicable, and has less time to reach therapeutic concentrations before self-recovery.

Treatment administered directly to the respiratory tract, e.g. as in1, may be more effective for COVID-19 in general, and extend applicability to fast-resolving cases with infection primarily localized to the respiratory tract.

Authors note that "all-cause hospitalisation for clinical deterioration (until day 28) was a secondary endpoint", but do not provide the result.

For more discussion of the post-hoc change and other issues see2.

Potential risks of favipiravir include the creation of dangerous variants, and mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity3-8.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

relative clearance rate, 5.7% worse, RR 1.06, p = 0.42, treatment median 16.6 IQR 10.0 n=116, control median 15.7 IQR 13.0 n=132, primary outcome.

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates

1. Yildiz Pekoz et al., Pulmonary delivery of favipiravir inhalation solution for COVID-19 treatment: in vitro characterization, stability, in vitro cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity using real time cell analysis, Drug Delivery, doi:10.1080/10717544.2022.2118398.tandfonline.com, doi.org.

2. Schilling et al., Pharmacometrics of high dose ivermectin in early COVID-19: an open label, randomized, controlled adaptive platform trial (PLATCOV), eLife, doi:10.7554/eLife.83201.elifesciences.org, doi.org.

3. Zhirnov et al., Favipiravir: the hidden threat of mutagenic action, Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, doi:10.36233/0372-9311-114.elpub.ru, doi.org.

4. Waters et al., Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis: the special case of molnupiravir, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, doi:10.1002/em.22471.wiley.com, doi.org.

5. Hadj Hassine et al., Lethal Mutagenesis of RNA Viruses and Approved Drugs with Antiviral Mutagenic Activity, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v14040841.mdpi.com, doi.org.

6. Shum, C., An investigational study into the drug-associated mutational signature in SARS-CoV-2 viruses, The University of Hong Kong, PhD Thesis, hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/344396.hku.hk.

7. Shiraki et al., Convenient screening of the reproductive toxicity of favipiravir and antiviral drugs in Caenorhabditis elegans, Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35331.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

8. Cenikli et al., Does Favipiravir interact with DNA? Design of electrochemical DNA nanobiosensor to investigate the interaction between DNA and Favipiravir used in the treatment of COVID-19, Talanta, doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128084.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

Luvira et al., 5 Apr 2023, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, peer-reviewed, median age 30.1, 36 authors, study period 30 September, 2021 - 31 October, 2022, trial NCT05041907 (history) (PLATCOV). Contact: william@tropmedres.ac, nickw@tropmedres.ac.

This Paper Favipiravir All

Clinical antiviral efficacy of favipiravir in early COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial

Viravarn Luvira, William H K Schilling, Podjanee Jittamala, James A Watson, Simon Boyd, Tanaya Siripoon, Thundon Ngamprasertchai, Pedro J Almeida, Maneerat Ekkapongpisit, Cintia Cruz, James J Callery, Shivani Singh, Runch Tuntipaiboontana, Varaporn Kruabkontho, Thatsanun Ngernseng, Jaruwan Tubprasert, Mohammad Yazid Abdad, Srisuda Keayarsa, Wanassanan Madmanee, Renato S Aguiar, Franciele M Santos, Pongtorn Hanboonkunupakarn, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Kittiyod Poovorawan, Mallika Imwong, Walter R J Taylor, Vasin Chotivanich, Kesinee Chotivanich, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Arjen M Dondorp, Nicholas P J Day, Mauro M Teixeira, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Weerapong Phumratanaprapin, Nicholas J White

BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08835-3

Brief summary In early symptomatic COVID-19 treatment, high dose oral favipiravir did not accelerate viral clearance. Background Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug, has in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trial evidence to date is inconclusive. Favipiravir has been recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 in some countries. Methods In a multicentre open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial, low-risk adult patients with early symptomatic COVID-19 were randomised to one of ten treatment arms including high dose oral favipiravir (3.6g on day 0 followed by 1.6g daily to complete 7 days treatment) or no study drug. The primary outcome was the rate of viral clearance (derived under a linear mixed-effects model from the daily log 10 viral densities in standardised duplicate oropharyngeal swab eluates taken daily over 8 days [18 swabs per patient]), assessed in a modified intention-to-treat population (mITT). The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of the allocated intervention. This ongoing adaptive platform trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05041907) on 13/09/2021. Results In the final analysis, the mITT population contained data from 114 patients randomised to favipiravir and 126 patients randomised concurrently to no study drug. Under the linear mixed-effects model fitted to all oropharyngeal viral density estimates in the first 8 days from randomisation (4,318 swabs), there was no difference in the rate of viral †

Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s12879-023-08835-3. Authors' contributions V.L., J.A.W., S.B., W.H.K.S., and N.J.W wrote the first draft of the manuscript. P.J., V.L., T.S., T.N., B.H., S.S., K.P., P.B., V.C., P.J.A., M.M., S.P., W.P., W.P. were responsible for collection of clinical data. T.N. was responsible for data curation. J.A.W. was responsible for statistical analysis and the figures. S.K., W.M., M.Y.A., R.A.S., F.M.S., R.T., M.I., K.C. were responsible for laboratory testing and analysis. V.K., J.T., were responsible for trial set-up and monitoring. C.C. was responsible for coordination of the study in Brazil and J.J.C. and S.B. for safety monitoring and document preparation. W.R.J.T., A.M.D, N.P.J.D, N.J.W supervised the study and gave scientific input. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Additional file 1: Supplementary Availability of data and materials All code and data are openly accessible via GitHub: https:// github. com/ jwato watson/ PLATC OV-Favip iravir. The final datasets will be stored locally and securely at the Mahidol Oxford Research Unit for long-term storage and access. Additional anonymised participant data can be made available by request on a case-by-case basis from the MORU Data Access Committee at datasharing@tropmedres.ac and can be made available by request to the corresponding author. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate ..

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DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1186/s12879-023-08835-3", "ISSN": [ "1471-2334" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08835-3", "abstract": "Abstract\n Brief summary\n In early symptomatic COVID-19 treatment, high dose oral favipiravir did not accelerate viral clearance.\n \n Background\n Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug, has in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trial evidence to date is inconclusive. Favipiravir has been recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 in some countries.\n \n Methods\n In a multicentre open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial, low-risk adult patients with early symptomatic COVID-19 were randomised to one of ten treatment arms including high dose oral favipiravir (3.6g on day 0 followed by 1.6g daily to complete 7 days treatment) or no study drug. The primary outcome was the rate of viral clearance (derived under a linear mixed-effects model from the daily log10 viral densities in standardised duplicate oropharyngeal swab eluates taken daily over 8 days [18 swabs per patient]), assessed in a modified intention-to-treat population (mITT). The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of the allocated intervention. This ongoing adaptive platform trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05041907) on 13/09/2021.\n \n Results\n In the final analysis, the mITT population contained data from 114 patients randomised to favipiravir and 126 patients randomised concurrently to no study drug. Under the linear mixed-effects model fitted to all oropharyngeal viral density estimates in the first 8 days from randomisation (4,318 swabs), there was no difference in the rate of viral clearance between patients given favipiravir and patients receiving no study drug; a -1% (95% credible interval: -14 to 14%) difference. High dose favipiravir was well-tolerated.\n \n Interpretation\n Favipiravir does not accelerate viral clearance in early symptomatic COVID-19. The viral clearance rate estimated from quantitative measurements of oropharyngeal eluate viral densities assesses the antiviral efficacy of drugs in vivo with comparatively few studied patients.\n ", "alternative-id": [ "8835" ], "article-number": "89", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "10 March 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "21 November 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "15 January 2024" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval and consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "All patients provided fully informed written consent. The trial was approved by local and national research ethics boards in Thailand (Faculty of Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee, Mahidol University, FTMEC Ref: TMEC 21–058) and the Central Research Ethics Committee (CREC, Bangkok, Thailand, CREC Ref: CREC048/64BP-MED34), in Brazil by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (COEP-UFMG, Minas Gerais, Brazil, COEP-UFMG) and National Research Ethics Commission- (CONEP, Brazil, COEP-UFMG and CONEP Ref: CAAE:51593421.1.0000.5149), and by the Oxford University Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC, Oxford, UK, OxTREC Ref: 24–21). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (e.g. Declaration of Helsinki)." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Luvira", "given": "Viravarn", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Schilling", "given": "William H. 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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66:e0019222.", "volume": "66", "year": "2022" } ], "reference-count": 44, "references-count": 44, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08835-3" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Infectious Diseases" ], "subtitle": [], "title": "Clinical antiviral efficacy of favipiravir in early COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "24" }

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.

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