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Pulmonary delivery of favipiravir inhalation solution for COVID-19 treatment: in vitro characterization, stability, in vitro cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity using real time cell analysis

Yildiz Pekoz et al., Drug Delivery, doi:10.1080/10717544.2022.2118398
Sep 2022  
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In Vitro study of a favipiravir solution for inhalation, showing effective antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 with significantly lower doses than typically used with oral administration.
Potential risks of favipiravir include the creation of dangerous variants, and mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity1-5.
4 preclinical studies support the efficacy of favipiravir for COVID-19:
Yildiz Pekoz et al., 5 Sep 2022, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. Contact: aycay@istanbul.edu.tr.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperFavipiravirAll
Pulmonary delivery of favipiravir inhalation solution for COVID-19 treatment: in vitro characterization, stability, in vitro cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity using real time cell analysis
Ayca Yildiz Pekoz, Ozlem Akbal Dagistan, Hanan Fael, Meltem Culha, Aybige Erturk, Nur Sena Basarir, Gokben Sahin, Muge Serhatli, Gamze Cakirca, Saban Tekin, Leyla Semiha Sen, Mustafa Sevim, Lutfiye Mulazimoglu Durmusoglu, Berrak C Yegen
Drug Delivery, doi:10.1080/10717544.2022.2118398
Favipiravir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor, is used to treat patients infected with influenza virus and most recently with SARS-CoV-2. However, poor accumulation of favipiravir in lung tissue following oral administration has required an alternative method of administration that directly targets the lungs. In this study, an inhalation solution of favipiravir at a concentration of 2 mg mL −1 was developed and characterized for the first time. The chemical stability of inhaled favipiravir solution in two different media, phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and normal saline (NS), was investigated under different conditions: 5 ± 3 °C, 25 ± 2 °C/60% RH ± 5% RH, and 40 ± 2 °C/75% RH ± 5% RH; in addition to constant light exposure. As a result, favipiravir solution in PBS revealed superior stability over 12 months at 5 ± 3 °C. Antiviral activity of favipiravir was assessed at the concentrations between 0.25 and 3 mg mL −1 with real time cell analyzer on Vero-E6 that were infected with SARS-CoV-2/B.1.36. The optimum concentration was found to be 2 mg mL −1 , where minimum toxicity and sufficient antiviral activity was observed. Furthermore, cell viability assay against Calu-3 lung epithelial cells confirmed the biocompatibility of favipiravir at concentrations up to 50 μM (7.855 mg mL −1 ). The in vitro aerodynamic profiles of the developed inhaled favipiravir formulation, when delivered with soft-mist inhaler indicated good lung targeting properties. These results suggest that favipiravir solution prepared with PBS could be considered as a suitable and promising inhalation formulation for pulmonary delivery in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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