A randomized controlled trial of adjuvant inhalable sodium bicarbonate role in treatment of COVID-19

{ 'institution': [{'name': 'Research Square'}], 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 19]], 'date-time': '2022-11-19T06:00:38Z', 'timestamp': 1668837638948}, 'posted': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 18]]}, 'group-title': 'In Review', 'reference-count': 53, 'publisher': 'Research Square Platform LLC', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 18]], 'date-time': '2022-11-18T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1668729600000}, 'content-version': 'unspecified', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'accepted': {'date-parts': [[2022, 10, 28]]}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Entry of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) into a host cell is pH dependent. ' 'Intracellular alkalinization by sodium bicarbonate (SB) could elevate endosomal pH and block ' 'viral entry into the host cells. So, we assessed the role of inhalable SB as an adjuvant ' 'treatment for COVID-19 in the study groups of this randomized, controlled trial. Here we show ' 'a significantly shorter duration to clinical improvement and hospital stay in the study ' 'group, while the number of deaths is significantly less only in severe grade of the study ' 'group. But the time to death is not significantly different in both groups. CRP and d-dimer ' 'levels are significantly lower in the severe cases of the study group. The overall median CT ' 'score is significantly better in the study group at one &amp; 2 months. Our data thus suggest ' 'that inhaled SB (8.4%) could be a possible adjuvant therapy for patients with moderate and ' 'severe COVID‑19 pneumonia.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.21203/rs.3.rs-2214180/v1', 'type': 'posted-content', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 18]], 'date-time': '2022-11-18T21:45:40Z', 'timestamp': 1668807940000}, 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'A randomized controlled trial of adjuvant inhalable sodium bicarbonate role in treatment of ' 'COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.21203', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Mohammad', 'family': 'El-Badrawy', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}, { 'given': 'Rehab', 'family': 'Elmorsey', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}, { 'given': 'Mohammed', 'family': 'shehta', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}, { 'given': 'Tamer', 'family': 'El-Hadidy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}, { 'given': 'ibrahim', 'family': 'abdelwahab', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}, { 'given': 'Adel', 'family': 'El-Badrawy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}, { 'given': 'Ahmed', 'family': 'Shokeir', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University'}]}], 'member': '8761', 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'unstructured': 'WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization, ' '22 April 2022 (https://covid19.who.int.)'}, { 'key': 'ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '947', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8', 'article-title': 'A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Mathieu E', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. et al. A global database of ' 'COVID-19 vaccinations. Nat Hum Behav ' '5<bvertical-align:super;>,</bvertical-align:super;><bvertical-align:super;> ' '</bvertical-align:super;>947–953 ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01122-8 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Nat Hum Behav'}, { 'key': 'ref3', 'first-page': '100674', 'article-title': 'The challenges of distributing COVID-19 vaccinations', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Mills MC', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Mills, M. C., & Salisbury, D. The challenges of distributing COVID-19 ' 'vaccinations. E Clinical Medicine, 31, 100674 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'E Clinical Medicine'}, { 'key': 'ref4', 'unstructured': 'Egypt - covidvax. live https://covidvax.live/location/egy Live COVID-19 ' 'Vaccination Tracker. Last Update: Apr 22, 2022'}, { 'issue': '20', 'key': 'ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1825', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMp2113403', 'article-title': 'The future of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination—lessons from influenza', 'volume': '385', 'author': 'Monto AS', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Monto, A. S. The future of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination—lessons from ' 'influenza. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(20), 1825–1827(2021).', 'journal-title': 'New England Journal of Medicine'}, { 'key': 'ref6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100306', 'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 infects cells after viral entry via clathrin-mediated ' 'endocytosis', 'volume': '296', 'author': 'Bayati A', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Bayati, A., Kumar, R., Francis, V., & McPherson, P. S. SARS-CoV-2 ' 'infects cells after viral entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J. ' 'Biol. Chem. 296,100306(2021).', 'journal-title': 'J. Biol. Chem.'}, { 'key': 'ref7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x', 'article-title': 'Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Jackson CB', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Jackson, C.B., Farzan, M., Chen, B. et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 ' 'entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 23, 3–20, ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'ref8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '12', 'DOI': '10.1002/ddr.21720', 'article-title': 'Designing therapeutic strategies to combat severe acute respiratory ' 'syndrome coronavirus-2 disease: COVID‐19', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'Rohilla S', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Rohilla, S. Designing therapeutic strategies to combat severe acute ' 'respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 disease: COVID‐19. Drug development ' 'research, 82(1), 12–26 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Drug development research'}, { 'key': 'ref9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '104792', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104792', 'article-title': 'Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for ' 'antiviral development', 'volume': '178', 'author': 'Tang T', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Tang, T., Bidon, M., Jaimes, J. A., Whittaker, G. R., & Daniel, S. ' 'Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for ' 'antiviral development. Antiviral research, 178, 104792 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Antiviral research'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'ref10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '658', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules27030658', 'article-title': 'Approaches to the Potential Therapy of COVID-19: A General Overview ' 'from the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Menéndez JC', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Menéndez, J. C. Approaches to the Potential Therapy of COVID-19: A ' 'General Overview from the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. Molecules, ' '27(3), 658 (2022).', 'journal-title': 'Molecules'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'ref11', 'first-page': '318', 'article-title': 'Role of sodium bicarbonate as adjuvant treatment of non-severe computed ' 'tomography-identified COVID-19 pneumonia: A preliminary report', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'El-Badrawy MK', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'El-Badrawy, M. K., Saleh, A. M., El-Badrawy, A., El-Hadidy, T. A., Abd ' 'Ellatif, M., Elmorsey, R. A., & Shokeir, A. A. Role of sodium ' 'bicarbonate as adjuvant treatment of non-severe computed ' 'tomography-identified COVID-19 pneumonia: A preliminary report. Indian ' 'Journal of Respiratory Care, 10(3), 318 (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Indian Journal of Respiratory Care'}, { 'key': 'ref12', 'article-title': 'Acid pH Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Risk of Death by ' 'COVID-19', 'author': 'Jimenez L', 'unstructured': 'Jimenez L, Campos Codo A, Sampaio VS, Oliveira AER, Ferreira LKK, ' 'Davanzo GG, de Brito Monteiro L, Victor Virgilio-da-Silva J, Borba MGS, ' 'Fabiano de Souza G, Zini N, de Andrade Gandolfi F, Muraro SP, Luiz ' 'Proença-Modena J, Val FA, Cardoso Melo G, Monteiro WM, Nogueira ML, ' 'Lacerda MVG, Moraes-Vieira PM, Nakaya HI. Acid pH Increases SARS-CoV-2 ' 'Infection and the Risk of Death by COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne). Aug ' '20; 8:637885(2021).', 'journal-title': 'Front Med (Lausanne)'}, { 'key': 'ref13', 'author': 'Lubman RL', 'year': '1992', 'unstructured': 'Lubman, R. L.; Crandall, E. D. Regulation of intracellular pH in ' 'alveolar epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular ' 'and Molecular Physiology, 262(1), L1–L14 (1992).'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'ref14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '211', 'DOI': '10.1165/ajrcmb.12.2.7865219', 'article-title': 'Cl (-)-HCO3-exchanger isoform AE2 is restricted to the basolateral ' 'surface of alveolar epithelial cell monolayers', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Lubman RL', 'year': '1995', 'unstructured': 'Lubman, R. L., Danto, S. I., Chao, D. C., Fricks, C. E., & Crandall, E. ' 'D. Cl (-)-HCO3-exchanger isoform AE2 is restricted to the basolateral ' 'surface of alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. American journal of ' 'respiratory cell and molecular biology, 12(2), 211–219. (1995).', 'journal-title': 'American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': 'ref15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '337', 'DOI': '10.4161/chan.2.5.6899', 'article-title': 'Plasma membrane Cl-/HCO3-exchangers: structure, mechanism, and ' 'physiology', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Bonar PT', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Bonar, P. T., & Casey, J. R. Plasma membrane Cl-/HCO3-exchangers: ' 'structure, mechanism, and physiology. Channels, 2(5), 337–345(2008).', 'journal-title': 'Channels'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': 'ref16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '956', 'DOI': '10.1681/ASN.2005111174', 'article-title': 'Chloride/bicarbonate exchanger SLC26A7 is localized in endosomes in ' 'medullary collecting duct cells and is targeted to the basolateral ' 'membrane in hypertonicity and potassium depletion', 'volume': '17', 'author': 'Xu J', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Xu, J., Worrell, R. T., Li, H. C., Barone, S. L., Petrovic, S., Amlal, ' 'H., & Soleimani, M. Chloride/bicarbonate exchanger SLC26A7 is localized ' 'in endosomes in medullary collecting duct cells and is targeted to the ' 'basolateral membrane in hypertonicity and potassium depletion. Journal ' 'of the American Society of Nephrology, 17(4), 956–967(2006).', 'journal-title': 'Journal of the American Society of Nephrology'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'ref17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '658', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules27030658', 'article-title': 'Approaches to the Potential Therapy of COVID-19: A General Overview ' 'from the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Menéndez JC', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Menéndez, J. C. Approaches to the Potential Therapy of COVID-19: A ' 'General Overview from the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. Molecules, ' '27(3), 658(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Molecules'}, { 'key': 'ref18', 'unstructured': 'Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). Management protocol ' 'for COVID-19 patients version 1.5 September 2021 Available from ' 'http://www.mohp.gov.eg/QuickServiceDetails.aspx?suministrbject_id=3686. ' '(September 2021).'}, { 'issue': '1147', 'key': 'ref19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '312', 'DOI': '10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138577', 'article-title': 'COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical ' 'presentation, and treatment', 'volume': '97', 'author': 'Parasher A', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Parasher, A. COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, ' 'clinical presentation, and treatment. Postgraduate medical journal, ' '97(1147), 312–320(2021).', 'journal-title': 'Postgraduate medical journal'}, { 'issue': '13', 'key': 'ref20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1239', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.2648', 'article-title': 'Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease ' '2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases ' 'from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Wu Z', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. Characteristics of and important lessons from ' 'the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a ' 'report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and ' 'Prevention. Jama, 323(13), 1239–1242(2020).', 'journal-title': 'Jama'}, { 'key': 'ref21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '267', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41577-022-00720-5(2022', 'article-title': 'Estimating disease severity of Omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'Sigal A', 'unstructured': 'Sigal, A., Milo, R. & Jassat, W. Estimating disease severity of Omicron ' 'and Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Rev Immunol 22, 267–269 ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00720-5(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Immunol'}, { 'key': 'ref22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '38', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.357', 'article-title': 'Decreased severity of disease during the first global omicron variant ' 'covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in tshwane, South Africa', 'volume': '116', 'author': 'Abdullah F', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Abdullah F, Myers J, Basu D, Tintinger G, Ueckermann V, Mathebula M, ' 'Ramlall R, Spoor S, de Villiers T, Van der Walt Z, Cloete J, Soma-Pillay ' 'P, Rheeder P, Paruk F, Engelbrecht A, Lalloo V, Myburg M, Kistan J, van ' 'Hougenhouck-Tulleken W, Boswell MT, Gray G, Welch R, Blumberg L, Jassat ' 'W. Decreased severity of disease during the first global omicron variant ' 'covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in tshwane, South Africa. Int J ' 'Infect Dis.116:38–42(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Int J Infect Dis'}, { 'key': 'ref23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1618', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00327-0', 'article-title': 'Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in ' 'individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and ' 'delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE ' 'COVID Study', 'volume': '399', 'author': 'Menni C', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Menni C, Valdes AM, Polidori L, et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and ' 'risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 ' 'during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective ' 'observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet 399:1618(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'issue': '12', 'key': 'ref24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '3437', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10072-020-04801-y', 'article-title': 'Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and ' 'meta-analysis of proportions', 'volume': '41', 'author': 'Favas TT', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Favas TT, Dev P, RN C. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis of proportions. Neurol Sci.41(12): ' '3437–3470(2020).', 'journal-title': 'Neurol Sci'}, { 'key': 'ref25', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living ' 'guideline, 23 June 2022. Geneva: Clinical management of COVID-19: Living ' 'guideline, 23 June 2022 (who.int) (2022).'}, { 'key': 'ref26', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Prevalence of symptoms in 1512 COVID-19 patients: have dizziness and ' 'vertigo been underestimated thus far?', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Aldè M', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Aldè M, Barozzi S, Di Berardino F, Zuccotti G, Consonni D, Ambrosetti U, ' 'Socci M, Bertoli S, Battezzati A, Foppiani A, Zanetti D, Pignataro L, ' 'Cantarella G. Prevalence of symptoms in 1512 COVID-19 patients: have ' 'dizziness and vertigo been underestimated thus far? Intern Emerg Med. ' '30:1–11(2022).', 'journal-title': 'Intern Emerg Med'}, { 'key': 'ref27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '420', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X', 'article-title': 'Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory ' 'distress syndrome', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Xu Z', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated ' 'with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. ' '8:420–2(2020).', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Respir Med.'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'ref28', 'first-page': '40', 'article-title': 'The Importance of Understanding the Stages of COVID-19 in Treatment and ' 'Trials', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Griffin DO', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Griffin DO, Brennan-Rieder D, Ngo B, Kory P, Confalonieri M, Shapiro L, ' 'Iglesias J, Dube M, Nanda N, In GK, Arkfeld D, Chaudhary P, Campese VM, ' 'Hanna DL, Sawcer D, Ehresmann G, Peng D, Smorgorzewski M, Amstrong A, ' 'Vinjevoll EH, Dasgupta R, Sattler FR, Mussini C, Mitjà O, Soriano V, ' 'Peschanski N, Hayem G, Piccirillo MC, Lobo-Ferreira A, Rivero IB, Hung ' 'IFH, Rendell M, Ditmore S, Varon J, Marik P. The Importance of ' 'Understanding the Stages of COVID-19 in Treatment and Trials. AIDS ' 'Rev.8;23(1):40–47(2021).', 'journal-title': 'AIDS Rev'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'ref29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1149', 'DOI': '10.1080/17476348.2020.1804365', 'article-title': 'Mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ' 'and corticosteroids use: a systematic review and meta-analysis', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Hasan SS', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Hasan SS, Capstick T, Ahmed R, Kow CS, Mazhar F, Merchant HA, Zaidi STR. ' 'Mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ' 'and corticosteroids use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert ' 'Rev Respir med. 14(11):1149–1163. (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Expert Rev Respir med'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': 'ref30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '211', 'DOI': '10.1164/rccm.167.2.211', 'article-title': 'ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing', 'volume': '167', 'author': 'American Thoracic Society', 'year': '2003', 'unstructured': 'American Thoracic Society. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary ' 'exercise testing. American journal of respiratory and critical care ' 'medicine, 167(2), 211–277(2003).', 'journal-title': 'American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine'}, { 'key': 'ref31', 'author': 'Dessie ZG', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a ' 'systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. ' 'BMC Infect Dis. 21;21(1):855(2021).'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': 'ref32', 'first-page': '001725', 'article-title': 'D-dimer and C-reactive Protein Blood Levels Over Time Used to Predict ' 'Pulmonary Embolism in Two COVID-19 Patients', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Becher Y', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Becher Y, Goldman L, Schacham N, Gringauz I, Justo D. D-dimer and ' 'C-reactive Protein Blood Levels Over Time Used to Predict Pulmonary ' 'Embolism in Two COVID-19 Patients. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. ' '20;7(6):001725(2020).', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Case Rep Intern Med'}, { 'key': 'ref33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '607647', 'DOI': '10.3389/fped.2020.607647', 'article-title': 'Biomarkers in COVID-19: an up-to-date review', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Samprathi M', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Samprathi, M., & Jayashree, M. Biomarkers in COVID-19: an up-to-date ' 'review. Frontiers in pediatrics, 8, 607647(2021).', 'journal-title': 'Frontiers in pediatrics'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'ref34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': 'e0242400', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0242400', 'article-title': 'Jabaley. On behalf of the Emory. COVID-19 Quality & Clinical Research ' 'Collaborative. C-Reactive protein as a prognostic indicator in ' 'hospitalized patients with COVID-19', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Sharifpour M', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Sharifpour, M., Rangaraju, S., Liu, M., Alabyad, D., Nahab, F. B., ' 'Creel-Bulos, C. M.& Craig S. Jabaley. On behalf of the Emory. COVID-19 ' 'Quality & Clinical Research Collaborative. C-Reactive protein as a ' 'prognostic indicator in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. PLoS ONE, ' '15(11), e0242400(2020).', 'journal-title': 'PLoS ONE'}, { 'key': 'ref35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1155/2021/5557582', 'article-title': 'M. C-reactive protein as a prognostic indicator in COVID-19 patients', 'author': 'Sdeghi-Haddad-Zavareh M', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Sdeghi-Haddad-Zavareh, M., Bayani, M., Shokri, M., Ebrahimpour, S., ' 'Babazadeh, A., Mehraeen, R. Moudi, E., Rostami, A., Barary, M., ' 'Hosseini, A., Bijani, A& Javanian, M. C-reactive protein as a prognostic ' 'indicator in COVID-19 patients. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on ' 'Infectious Diseases (2021).', 'journal-title': 'Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases'}, { 'key': 'ref36', 'author': 'Liu F', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'F. Liu, L. Li, M. Xu et al., “Prognostic value of interleukin-6, ' 'C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19,” ' 'Journal of Clinical Virology, vol.\xa0127, Article ID 104370 (2020).'}, { 'key': 'ref37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '91', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.013', 'article-title': 'C-reactive protein: a promising biomarker for poor prognosis in ' 'COVID-19 infection', 'volume': '509', 'author': 'Sahu BR', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'B. R. Sahu, R. K. Kampa, A. Padhi, and A. K. Panda, “C-reactive protein: ' 'a promising biomarker for poor prognosis in COVID-19 infection,” Clinica ' 'Chimica Acta, vol.\xa0509, pp.\xa091–94 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Clinica Chimica Acta'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': 'ref38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '970', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10875-020-00806-6', 'article-title': 'Flow cytometry identifies risk factors and dynamic changes in patients ' 'with COVID-19', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Moratto D', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Moratto D, Chiarini M, Giustini V, Serana F, Magro P, Roccaro AM, et al. ' 'Flow cytometry identifies risk factors and dynamic changes in patients ' 'with COVID-19. J Clin Immunol. 40(7):970–973(2020).', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Immunol'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': 'ref39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1762', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jiaa150', 'article-title': 'Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 ' 'pneumonia', 'volume': '221', 'author': 'Wang F', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wang F, Nie J, Wang H, Zhao Q, Xiong Y, Deng L, et al. Characteristics ' 'of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia. J ' 'Infect Dis.221(11):1762–9(2020).', 'journal-title': 'J Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'ref40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '254', 'DOI': '10.1159/000514202', 'article-title': 'Dynamic changes of lymphocyte subsets in the course of covid-19', 'volume': '182', 'author': 'Rezaei M', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Rezaei, M., Marjani, M., Mahmoudi, S., Mortaz, E., & Mansouri, D. ' 'Dynamic changes of lymphocyte subsets in the course of covid-19. ' 'International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 182(3), 254–262(2021).', 'journal-title': 'International Archives of Allergy and Immunology'}, { 'issue': '12', 'key': 'ref41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '6808', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00330-020-07033-y', 'article-title': 'Chest CT score in COVID-19 patients: correlation with disease severity ' 'and short-term prognosis', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Francone M', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Francone M, Iafrate F, Masci GM, Coco S, Cilia F, Manganaro L, ' 'Panebianco V, Andreoli C, Colaiacomo MC, Zingaropoli MA, Ciardi MR, ' 'Mastroianni CM, Pugliese F, Alessandri F, Turriziani O, Ricci P, ' 'Catalano C. Chest CT score in COVID-19 patients: correlation with ' 'disease severity and short-term prognosis. Eur Radiol. ' '30(12):6808–6817(2020).', 'journal-title': 'Eur Radiol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'ref42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '125', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12931-020-01385-1', 'article-title': 'The pulmonary sequalae in discharged patients with COVID-19: a ' 'short-term observational study', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Liu D', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Liu D, Zhang W, Pan F, et al. The pulmonary sequalae in discharged ' 'patients with COVID-19: a short-term observational study. Respir ' 'Res;21(1):125(2020).', 'journal-title': 'Respir Res'}, { 'key': 'ref43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '394', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017', 'article-title': 'Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus ' 'Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '80', 'author': 'Xu YH', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Xu, Y. H., Dong, J. H., An, W. M., Lv, X. Y., Yin, X. P., Zhang, J. Z., ' 'et al. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel ' 'Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. J. Infect. 80, ' '394–400(2020).', 'journal-title': 'J. Infect.'}, { 'key': 'ref44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Lechowicz, K., Drożdżal, S., Machaj, F., Rosik, J., Szostak, B., ' 'Zegan-Barańska, M.,… Kotfis, K. COVID-19: the potential treatment of ' 'pulmonary fibrosis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of ' 'clinical medicine, 9(6), 1917(2020).', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcm9061917'}, { 'key': 'ref45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Han, X., Fan, Y., Alwalid, O., Li, N., Jia, X., Yuan, M., … Shi, H. ' '(2021). Six-month follow-up chest CT findings after severe COVID-19 ' 'pneumonia. Radiology, 299(1): E177-E186(2021).', 'DOI': '10.1148/radiol.2021203153'}, { 'key': 'ref46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '248', 'DOI': '10.1186/s43055-021-00632-9', 'article-title': 'Post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and its predictive factors: a ' 'prospective study', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'Nabahati M', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Nabahati, M., Ebrahimpour, S., Khaleghnejad Tabari, R. et al. ' 'Post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and its predictive factors: a ' 'prospective study. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med 52, 248 (2021). ' 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s43055-021-00632-9', 'journal-title': 'Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med'}, { 'key': 'ref47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '685', 'DOI': '10.1148/radiol.2020200463', 'article-title': 'Chest CT Findings in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to ' 'Duration of Infection', 'volume': '295', 'author': 'Bernheim A', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N, Diao K, lin B, ' 'Zhu X, Li K, Li S, Shan H, Jacobi A, Chung M. Chest CT Findings in ' 'Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): Relationship to Duration of ' 'Infection. Radiology, 295:685–91 (2020).', 'journal-title': 'Radiology'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': 'ref48', 'first-page': '3', 'article-title': 'Effect of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% on respiratory tract pathogens', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'Badrawy MK', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'El Badrawy MK., Elela MA, Yousef AM, Abou El-Khier NT, Abdelgawad TT, ' 'Abdalla DA, M et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% on respiratory ' 'tract pathogens. Chest and Lung Research 1 (1): 3–7(2018).', 'journal-title': 'Chest and Lung Research'}, { 'key': 'ref49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '531', 'DOI': '10.4103/ejb.ejb_18_19', 'article-title': 'Effect of adding inhalation of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% to the usual ' 'treatment on smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis: a prospective ' 'controlled study', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'El-Badrawy MK', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'El-Badrawy MK, Arram EO, Abdalla DA, Al-Sagheer D, Zahran A, AboElela ' 'MA, El- Badrawy A, Amin W. Effect of adding inhalation of sodium ' 'bicarbonate 8.4% to the usual treatment on smear-positive pulmonary ' 'tuberculosis: a prospective controlled study. Egypt J ' 'Bronchol,13:531–8(2019).', 'journal-title': 'Egypt J Bronchol'}, { 'key': 'ref50', 'unstructured': 'European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. ECDC technical ' 'report. Infection prevention and control for the care of patients with ' '2019-nCoV in healthcare settings. ' 'https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/nove-coronavirus-infection-prevention-control-patients-healthcare-settings.pdf ' '(2020).'}, { 'key': 'ref51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1246', 'DOI': '10.1183/09031936.94.07071246', 'article-title': 'Coughing frequency in patients with persistent cough: assessment using ' 'a 24-hour ambulatory recorder', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Hsu JY', 'year': '1994', 'unstructured': 'Hsu JY, Stone RA, Logan-Sinclair RB, Worsdell M, Busst CM, Chung KF. ' 'Coughing frequency in patients with persistent cough: assessment using a ' '24-hour ambulatory recorder. Eur Respir J, 7: 1246–53 (1994).', 'journal-title': 'Eur Respir J'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': 'ref52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '295', 'DOI': '10.4104/pcrj.2012.00054', 'article-title': 'The Dyspnoea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index is ' 'predictive of mortality in COPD', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Sundh J', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Sundh, J, Janson, C, Lisspers, K, Stallberg, B and Montgomery, S. The ' 'Dyspnoea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive ' 'of mortality in COPD. Prim Care Respir J, 21(3): 295–301 (2012).', 'journal-title': 'Prim Care Respir J'}, { 'key': 'ref53', 'first-page': '1253', 'article-title': 'Validation of a new clinical scoring system for acute bronchitis', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Mwachari C', 'year': '2007', 'unstructured': 'Mwachari C, Nduba V, Nguti R, Park D, Sanguli L and Cohen C.: Validation ' 'of a new clinical scoring system for acute bronchitis. Int J Tuberc Lung ' 'Dis. 11: 1253–9 (2007).', 'journal-title': 'Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.'}], 'container-title': [], 'original-title': [], 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2214180/v1', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2214180/v1.html', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 18]], 'date-time': '2022-11-18T21:46:44Z', 'timestamp': 1668808004000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2214180/v1'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 18]]}, 'references-count': 53, 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2214180/v1', 'relation': {}, 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 18]]}, 'subtype': 'preprint'}