Vitamin D supplementation benefits COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yang et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988, PROSPERO CRD42022367684, May 2026
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 137 studies, recognized in 18 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
6,600+ studies for 220+ treatments. c19early.org
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 RCTs (n = 2,756) showing significantly lower mortality and ICU admission with vitamin D treatment for COVID-19.
22 meta-analyses show significant improvements with vitamin D treatment for mortality1-15, mechanical ventilation1,5,6,11,16-18, ICU admission1,3,5,6,9,11,13,15-21, hospitalization11, severity2,4,5,10,22, and cases7,20,22.
Currently there are 137 vitamin D treatment for COVID-19 studies, showing 39% lower mortality [32‑45%], 17% lower ventilation [-5‑35%], 45% lower ICU admission [28‑57%], 22% lower hospitalization [13‑30%], and 17% fewer cases [9‑25%].
Yang et al., 13 May 2026, China, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, study period November 2022 - December 2025, trial PROSPERO CRD42022367684. Contact: houning196@163.com.
Abstract: Research article Vitamin D supplementation benefits COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Shuangshuang Yang a,b,c , Ke Xu a , Shushu Lu d , Ning Hou a,* - a Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Province, China - b Maternal and Child Care Centre of Dezhou, Shandong Province, China - c Graduate Department, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong Province, China d Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong Province, China A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: COVID-19 Vitamin D Immunity Mortality rate ICU admission rate Length of hospital stay
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988", "ISSN": [ "2405-8440" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988", "alternative-id": [ "S2405844026004998" ], "article-number": "e44988", "assertion": [ { "label": "This article is maintained by", "name": "publisher", "value": "Elsevier" }, { "label": "Article Title", "name": "articletitle", "value": "Vitamin D supplementation benefits COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis" }, { "label": "Journal Title", "name": "journaltitle", "value": "Heliyon" }, { "label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version", "name": "articlelink", "value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988" }, { "label": "Content Type", "name": "content_type", "value": "article" }, { "label": "Copyright", "name": "copyright", "value": "© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yang", "given": "Shuangshuang", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Xu", "given": "Ke", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Lu", "given": "Shushu", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5494-8460", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Hou", "given": "Ning", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Heliyon", "container-title-short": "Heliyon", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "cell.com", "elsevier.com", "sciencedirect.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2026-05-14T13:20:20Z", "timestamp": 1778764820000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2026-05-14T13:20:28Z", "timestamp": 1778764828000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100015507", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "id": [ { "asserted-by": "publisher", "id": "10.13039/501100015507", "id-type": "DOI" } ], "name": "Shandong Provincial Hospital" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 5, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2026-05-14T14:10:26Z", "timestamp": 1778767826653, "version": "3.51.4" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "10", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "10", "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2026-06-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1780272000000 } }, { "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2026-06-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1780272000000 } }, { "URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 4, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2026-04-23T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1776902400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2405844026004998?httpAccept=text/xml", "content-type": "text/xml", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2405844026004998?httpAccept=text/plain", "content-type": "text/plain", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" } ], "member": "78", "original-title": [], "page": "e44988", "prefix": "10.1016", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 6 ] ] }, "publisher": "Elsevier BV", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108522", "article-title": "Prevalence of post-COVID symptoms across variants of concern and follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Lugtu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Int. J. Infect. Dis.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib2", "volume": "166", "year": "2026" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11154-021-09679-5", "article-title": "Vitamin D, infections and immunity", "author": "Ismailova", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "265", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib6", "volume": "23", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2405", "article-title": "1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation", "author": "Penna", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2405", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "J. Immunol.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib7", "volume": "164", "year": "2000" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu10111656", "article-title": "Vitamin D: nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator", "author": "Sassi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1656", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib8", "volume": "10", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu5072502", "article-title": "Vitamin D and immune function", "author": "Prietl", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2502", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib9", "volume": "5", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1008874", "article-title": "Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19", "author": "Mohan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "PLoS Pathog.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib10", "volume": "16", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu12113361", "article-title": "Evidence regarding vitamin D and risk of COVID-19 and its severity", "author": "Mercola", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3361", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib11", "volume": "12", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Interpretation of practice guidelines on clinical issues related to vitamin D nutrition in Chinese children", "author": "Zhang", "first-page": "5", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Chinese Journal of Pediatrics", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib12", "volume": "60", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Analysis of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and related factors in 4,311 cases of physical examination in a tertiary hospital in Hefei", "author": "Gao", "first-page": "1304", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Chinese Family Medicine", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib13", "volume": "21", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1530/EJE-20-0665", "article-title": "Mechanisms in endocrinology: vitamin D and COVID-19", "author": "Bilezikian", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "R133", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Eur. J. Endocrinol.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib14", "volume": "183", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Could vitamin D supplementation play a role against COVID-19?", "author": "Li", "journal-title": "Front. Immunol.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib15", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.d5928", "article-title": "The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials", "author": "Higgins", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Br. Med. J.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib16", "volume": "343", "year": "2011" }, { "author": "Higgins", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib17", "series-title": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "year": "2024" }, { "article-title": "Statistical formulae for calculating some 95% confidence intervals", "author": "Hackshaw", "first-page": "205", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib18", "series-title": "A Concise Guide to Clinical Trials", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s13063-023-07114-5", "article-title": "Effect of vitamin D supplementation versus placebo on recovery delay among COVID-19 Tunisian patients: a randomized-controlled clinical trial", "author": "Abroug", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "123", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Trials", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib19", "volume": "24", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1003999", "article-title": "High-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D supplementation in older adults with COVID-19 (COVIT-TRIAL): a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled superiority trial", "author": "Annweiler", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "PLoS Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib20", "volume": "19", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-022-22045-y", "article-title": "Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on cellular immunity and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU", "author": "Bychinin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib21", "volume": "12", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12916-022-02290-8", "article-title": "A single-oral bolus of 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol at hospital admission did not improve outcomes in COVID-19 disease: the COVID-VIT-D—a randomised multicentre international clinical trial", "author": "Cannata-Andía", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "83", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib22", "volume": "20", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14153048", "article-title": "Positive effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "author": "De Niet", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3048", "issue": "15", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib23", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12906-024-04393-6", "article-title": "Impact of vitamin D supplementation on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia patients: a single-center randomized controlled trial", "author": "Dilokpattanamongkol", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "97", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Complement. Med. Ther.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib24", "volume": "24", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu15051234", "article-title": "Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients-randomized controlled trial", "author": "Domazet Bugarin", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1234", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib25", "volume": "15", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2025.1593200", "article-title": "Impact of vitamin D supplementation in the prognosis of patients with SARS-CoV2 pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit - a randomized controlled trial", "author": "Gonçalves", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front. Immunol.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib26", "volume": "16", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.5812/jcp-138083", "article-title": "Efficacy of vitamin D as adjuvant therapy for treatment of hospitalized children with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial", "author": "Hashemian", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J. Compr. Pediatr.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib27", "volume": "14", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/biomedicines11051277", "article-title": "Effect of single high dose vitamin D substitution in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency on length of hospital stay", "author": "Jaun", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1277", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Biomedicines", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib28", "volume": "11", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14132602", "article-title": "Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on the clinical features and inflammatory markers in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a randomized, open-label, single-center study", "author": "Karonova", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2602", "issue": "13", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib29", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0267918", "article-title": "High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial", "author": "Mariani", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "PLoS One", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib30", "volume": "17", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101971", "article-title": "Vitamin D and zinc supplementation to improve treatment outcomes among COVID-19 patients in India: results from a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial", "author": "Partap", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Curr. Dev. Nutr.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib31", "volume": "7", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065", "article-title": "Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled study (SHADE study)", "author": "Rastogi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "87", "issue": "1156", "journal-title": "Postgrad. Med. J.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib32", "volume": "98", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu13072170", "article-title": "Effects of a 2-week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation on recovery of symptoms in patients with mild to moderate Covid-19: a randomized clinical trial", "author": "Sabico", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2170", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib33", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm10112378", "article-title": "Vitamin D levels in COVID-19 outpatients from Western Mexico: clinical correlation and effect of its supplementation", "author": "Sánchez-Zuno", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2378", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Med.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib34", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/medicina58101358", "article-title": "Evidence for the efficacy of a high dose of vitamin D on the hyperinflammation state in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial", "author": "Sarhan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1358", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Medicina (Kaunas)", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib35", "volume": "58", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/pubmed/fdae007", "article-title": "Therapeutic high-dose vitamin D for vitamin D-deficient severe COVID-19 disease: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (SHADE-S)", "author": "Singh", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "256", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J. Public Health", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib36", "volume": "46", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.5812/jkums-140510", "article-title": "Effect of high-dose vitamin D on mortality and hospital length of stay in ICU patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial", "author": "Zamanian", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib37", "volume": "28", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fped.2022.943529", "article-title": "Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in hospitalized COVID-19 pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial", "author": "Zurita-Cruz", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Front. Pediatr.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib38", "volume": "10", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/advances/nmab012", "article-title": "Association of vitamin D status with SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Kazemi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1636", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Adv. Nutr.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib39", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14102134", "article-title": "Effects of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Hosseini", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2134", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib40", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090", "article-title": "Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Pereira", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1308", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib41", "volume": "62", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1210/clinem/dgab892", "article-title": "Prognostic and therapeutic role of vitamin D in COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Dissanayake", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1484", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib42", "volume": "107", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.077", "article-title": "Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Liu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "58", "journal-title": "Int. J. Infect. Dis.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib43", "volume": "104", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105883", "article-title": "Therapeutic and prognostic role of vitamin D for COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies", "author": "Petrelli", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib44", "volume": "211", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary osteoporosis", "first-page": "1671", "issue": "14", "journal-title": "Chinese General Practice", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib45", "volume": "26", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s40520-020-01678-x", "article-title": "Vitamin D supplementation: upper limit for safety revisited?", "author": "Rizzoli", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "19", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Aging Clin. Exp. Res.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib46", "volume": "33", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00198-012-1944-7", "article-title": "Effect of oral cholecalciferol 2,000 versus 5,000 IU on serum vitamin D, PTH, bone and muscle strength in patients with vitamin D deficiency", "author": "Diamond", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1101", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Osteoporos. Int.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib47", "volume": "24", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/all.15136", "article-title": "Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Vlieg-Boerstra", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1373", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Allergy", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib49", "volume": "77", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003176", "article-title": "Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Abioye", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMJ Glob. Health", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib50", "volume": "6", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/rmv.1909", "article-title": "Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections", "author": "Zdrenghea", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Rev. Med. Virol.", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib51", "volume": "27", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu15112588", "article-title": "The vitamin D serum levels in pregnant women affected by COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "author": "Szarpak", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2588", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib52", "volume": "15", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu15041052", "article-title": "COVID-19 in pregnancy: influence of body weight and nutritional status on maternal and pregnancy outcomes-a review of literature and meta-analysis", "author": "Attini", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1052", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44988_bib53", "volume": "15", "year": "2023" } ], "reference-count": 48, "references-count": 48, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844026004998" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Vitamin D supplementation benefits COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy", "volume": "12" }
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit