Supplementary Data — Vitamin A for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 21 studies (14 treatment studies and 7 sufficiency studies)

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 37V37 (V1 2021)
c19early.org
October 2026

Vitamin A COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Al-Sumiadai86%0.14 · 0.03–0.61death2/7014/70 Al-Sumiadai67%0.33 · 0.07–1.57progression2/506/50 Rohani (DB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.31–1.76hosp.8/8911/91 Rohani (DB RCT)32%0.68 · 0.20–2.33no recov.4/896/91 Rohani (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.05–0.91no recov.2/8910/91 Rohani (DB RCT)87%0.13 · 0.02–1.00no recov.1/898/91 Rohani (DB RCT)49%0.51 · 0.13–1.98no recov.3/896/91 Rohani (DB RCT)63%0.37 · 0.12–1.12no recov.4/8911/91 Rohani (DB RCT)20%0.80 · 0.31–2.04no recov.7/899/91 Rohani (DB RCT)40%0.60 · 0.25–1.45no recov.7/8912/91 Sarohan−282%3.83 · 1.58–9.24death9/104/17 Beigm.. (SB RCT)89%0.11 · 0.01–1.98death0/304/30ICU patients CT1 Beigm.. (SB RCT)41%0.59 · 0.17–1.28hosp.4/3016/30ICU patients CT1 Beigm.. (SB RCT)45%0.55 · 0.38–0.78SOFA30 (n)30 (n)ICU patients CT1 Somi (RCT)−50%1.50 · 0.29–7.73death3/152/15EXCLUDED Somi (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.24–4.18ventilation3/153/15EXCLUDED Somi (RCT)25%0.75 · 0.20–2.79ICU3/154/15EXCLUDED Somi (RCT)−76%1.76 · 0.73–4.26no improv.15 (n)15 (n)EXCLUDED Somi (RCT)−8%1.08 · 0.87–1.34hosp. time15 (n)15 (n)EXCLUDED Doocy26%0.74 · 0.11–4.80death1/823/136 Chung (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.06–0.99PASC9 (n)8 (n)LONG COVID Chung (RCT)68%0.32 · 0.01–6.90PASC0/91/8LONG COVID Chung (RCT)70%0.30 · 0.04–2.31PASC1/93/8LONG COVID Chung (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.07–0.89PASC2/97/8LONG COVID Taheri (DB RCT)38%0.62 · 0.23–1.69no recov.5/308/30post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.19–1.75no recov.4/307/30post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.87no recov.0/301/30post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT)86%0.14 · 0.01–2.65no recov.0/303/30post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT)89%0.11 · 0.01–1.98no recov.0/304/30post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT)89%0.11 · 0.01–1.98no recov.0/304/30post-COVID anosmia Al-Sumiadai64%0.36 · 0.23–0.54cases20/9765/112 Holt56%0.44 · 0.06–2.96cases1/91445/15,136COVIDENCE UK Nimer21%0.79 · 0.45–1.35hosp.15/144204/2,004 Nimer21%0.79 · 0.46–1.30severe case17/144243/2,004 Vaisi17%0.83 · 0.48–1.00hosp.1,140 (n)2,815 (n) Vaisi11%0.89 · 0.69–0.98symp. case1,140 (n)2,815 (n) Wang35%0.65 · 0.30–1.40severe casen/an/aper SD Wang24%0.76 · 0.46–1.25hosp.n/an/aper SD Wang31%0.69 · 0.53–0.90casesn/an/aper SD Voloudakis19%0.81 · 0.72–0.92casespopulation-based cohort
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1 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Vitamin A
reduces riskVitamin A
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.