Supplementary Data — Vitamin A for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 22 studies (15 treatment studies and 7 sufficiency studies)

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 33V33
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Al-Sumiadai 86% 0.14 [0.03-0.61] death 2/70 14/70 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Al-Sumiadai 67% 0.33 [0.07-1.57] progression 2/50 6/50 Rohani (DB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.31-1.76] hosp. 8/89 11/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 32% 0.68 [0.20-2.33] no recov. 4/89 6/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.05-0.91] no recov. 2/89 10/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.03-0.61] no recov. 1/89 8/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.13-1.98] no recov. 3/89 6/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 63% 0.37 [0.12-1.12] no recov. 4/89 11/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.31-2.04] no recov. 7/89 9/91 Rohani (DB RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.25-1.45] no recov. 7/89 12/91 Sarohan -282% 3.83 [1.58-9.24] death 9/10 4/17 Beigm.. (SB RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.98] death 0/30 4/30 ICU patients CT​1​ Beigm.. (SB RCT) 41% 0.59 [0.17-1.28] hosp. 4/30 16/30 ICU patients CT​1​ Beigm.. (SB RCT) 45% 0.55 [0.38-0.78] SOFA 30 (n) 30 (n) ICU patients CT​1​ Somi (RCT) -50% 1.50 [0.29-7.73] death 3/15 2/15 Somi (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.24-4.18] ventilation 3/15 3/15 Somi (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.20-2.79] ICU 3/15 4/15 Somi (RCT) -76% 1.76 [0.73-4.26] no improv. 15 (n) 15 (n) Somi (RCT) -8% 1.08 [0.87-1.34] hosp. time 15 (n) 15 (n) Doocy 26% 0.74 [0.11-4.80] death 1/8 23/136 Chung (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.06-0.99] PASC 9 (n) 8 (n) LONG COVID Chung (RCT) 68% 0.32 [0.01-6.90] PASC 0/9 1/8 LONG COVID Chung (RCT) 70% 0.30 [0.04-2.31] PASC 1/9 3/8 LONG COVID Chung (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.07-0.89] PASC 2/9 7/8 LONG COVID Taheri (DB RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.23-1.69] no recov. 5/30 8/30 post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.19-1.75] no recov. 4/30 7/30 post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.87] no recov. 0/30 1/30 post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.65] no recov. 0/30 3/30 post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.98] no recov. 0/30 4/30 post-COVID anosmia Taheri (DB RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.98] no recov. 0/30 4/30 post-COVID anosmia Al-Sumiadai 64% 0.36 [0.23-0.54] cases 20/97 65/112 COVIDENCE UK Holt 56% 0.44 [0.06-2.96] cases 1/91 445/15,136 Nimer 21% 0.79 [0.45-1.35] hosp. 15/144 204/2,004 Nimer 21% 0.79 [0.46-1.30] severe case 17/144 243/2,004 Vaisi 17% 0.83 [0.48-1.00] hosp. 1,140 (n) 2,815 (n) Vaisi 11% 0.89 [0.69-0.98] symp. case 1,140 (n) 2,815 (n) Wang 35% 0.65 [0.30-1.40] severe case n/a n/a Mendelian - per SD Wang 24% 0.76 [0.46-1.25] hosp. n/a n/a Mendelian - per SD Wang 31% 0.69 [0.53-0.90] cases n/a n/a Mendelian - per SD Voloudakis 19% 0.81 [0.72-0.92] cases population-based cohort Vitamin A COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin A Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.