All Studies Meta Analysis

Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach

Pandya et al., Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951

Apr 2022

Post
Facebook

Source PDF All Studies Meta AnalysisMeta

Vitamin C for COVID-19

6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020, now with p = 0.00000002 from 73 studies, recognized in 12 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, and recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.

5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19early.org

In Silico study showing significant interaction with SARS-CoV-2 targets for multiple vitamins.

14 preclinical studies support the efficacy of vitamin C for COVID-19:

6 In Silico studies1-6

7 In Vitro studies5,7-12

1 In Vivo animal study10

Vitamin C has been identified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function13-15. Vitamin C plays a key role in the immune system, supporting the production and function of leukocytes, or white blood cells, which defend against infection and disease, including the production of lymphocytes, which make antibodies, and enhancing phagocytosis, the process by which immune system cells ingest and destroy viruses and infected cells. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CL^pro5,9, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2 levels in a dose-dependent manner10, and may limit COVID-19 induced cardiac damage by acting as an antioxidant and potentially reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by the spike protein that contributes to the activation of profibrotic pathways16. Vitamin C reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and NETosis, supporting immune function and vascular protection17. Intracellular levels of vitamin C decline during COVID-19 hospitalization suggesting ongoing utilization and depletion of vitamin C18. Threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C, is lower in mild and severe cases, consistent with increased need for and metabolization of vitamin C with moderate infection, but more limited ability to produce threonic acid in severe infection due to depletion or existing lower levels of vitamin C19. Symptomatic COVID-19 is associated with a lower frequency of natural killer (NK) cells, and vitamin C has been shown to improve NK cell numbers and functioning20,21.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

Study covers vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B9, and vitamin B12.

1. Agamah et al., Network-based multi-omics-disease-drug associations reveal drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19 disease phases, ScienceOpen, doi:10.58647/DRUGARXIV.PR000010.v1.scienceopen.com, doi.org.

2. Morales-Bayuelo et al., New findings on ligand series used as SARS-CoV-2 virus inhibitors within the frameworks of molecular docking, molecular quantum similarity and chemical reactivity indices, F1000Research, doi:10.12688/f1000research.123550.3.f1000research.com, doi.org.

3. Alkafaas et al., A study on the effect of natural products against the transmission of B.1.1.529 Omicron, Virology Journal, doi:10.1186/s12985-023-02160-6.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

4. Pandya et al., Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

5. Malla et al., Vitamin C inhibits SARS coronavirus-2 main protease essential for viral replication, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.05.02.442358.biorxiv.org, doi.org.

6. Kumar et al., In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19, VirusDisease, doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6.springer.com, doi.org.

7. Van Tin et al., Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Activates Cardiac Fibrogenesis through NLRP3 Inflammasomes and NF-κB Signaling, Cells, doi:10.3390/cells13161331.mdpi.com, doi.org.

8. Moatasim et al., Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E, Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11112777.mdpi.com, doi.org.

9. Đukić et al., Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with Vitamin C, L-Arginine and a Vitamin C/L-Arginine Combination, Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, doi:10.31083/j.fbl2801008.imrpress.com, doi.org.

10. Zuo et al., Vitamin C promotes ACE2 degradation and protects against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, EMBO reports, doi:10.15252/embr.202256374.wiley.com, doi.org.

11. Hajdrik et al., In Vitro Determination of Inhibitory Effects of Humic Substances Complexing Zn and Se on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Replication, Foods, doi:10.3390/foods11050694.mdpi.com, doi.org.

12. Goc et al., Inhibitory effects of specific combination of natural compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and its Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Kappa, and Mu variants, European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, doi:10.1556/1886.2021.00022.akjournals.com, doi.org.

13. Galmés et al., Suboptimal Consumption of Relevant Immune System Micronutrients Is Associated with a Worse Impact of COVID-19 in Spanish Populations, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14112254.mdpi.com, doi.org.

14. Galmés (B) et al., Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12092738.mdpi.com, doi.org.

15. EFSA, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin C and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 129, 138, 143, 148), antioxidant function of lutein (ID 146), maintenance of vision (ID 141, 142), collagen formation (ID 130, 131, 136, 137, 149), function of the nervous system (ID 133), function of the immune system (ID 134), function of the immune system during and after extreme physical exercise (ID 144), non-haem iron absorption (ID 132, 147), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 135), and relief in case of irritation in the upper respiratory tract (ID 1714, 1715) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, EFSA Journal, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1226.europa.eu, doi.org.

16. Van Tin (B) et al., Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Activates Cardiac Fibrogenesis through NLRP3 Inflammasomes and NF-κB Signaling, Cells, doi:10.3390/cells13161331.mdpi.com, doi.org.

17. Xie et al., The role of reactive oxygen species in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection-induced cell death, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, doi:10.1186/s11658-024-00659-6.biomedcentral.com, doi.org.

18. Boerenkamp et al., Low Levels of Serum and Intracellular Vitamin C in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15163653.mdpi.com, doi.org.

19. Albóniga et al., Differential abundance of lipids and metabolites related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility, Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40999-5.nature.com, doi.org.

20. Graydon et al., High baseline frequencies of natural killer cells are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Current Research in Immunology, doi:10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100064.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

21. Vojdani et al., In vivo effect of ascorbic acid on enhancement of human natural killer cell activity, Nutrition Research, doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80799-7.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

Pandya et al., 20 Apr 2022, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.

In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

This Paper Vitamin C All

Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach

Medha Pandya, Sejal Shah, Tanzil Juneja, Amisha Patel, Ayushman Gadnayak, Sushma Dave, Kajari Das, Jayashankar Das

Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Ethical statement The study does not involve the animals. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests.

References

Abobaker, Alzwi, Ahaa, Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-19, Pharmacol Reports

Alsaadi, Jones, Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses, Future Virol

Bae, Hk, The role of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in immune system against COVID-19, Molecules

Baladia, Pizarro, Rada, Vitamin C for the treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review, MedRxiv

Barchetta, Carotti, Labbadia, Gentilucci, Muda et al., Liver Vitamin D Receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 Expression: Relationship With Liver Histology and Vitamin D3 Levels in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis or Hepatitis C Virus, doi:10.1002/hep.25930.JournalPre-proof

Bender, Hildt, E ff ect of Hepatitis Viruses on the Nrf2 / Keap1-Signaling Pathway and Its Impact on Viral Replication and, Pathogenesis

Bolton, Null, Vitamin B15 A Review and Update, Orthomol PSYCHIATRY

Chen, Liu, Guo, Emerging coronaviruses : Genome structure , replication , and pathogenesis, doi:10.1002/jmv.25681

Chen, Oezguen, Urvil, Ferguson, Dann et al., Regulation of protein-ligand binding affinity by hydrogen bond pairing

Coutard, Valle, Lamballerie X De, Canard, Seidah et al., The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade, Antiviral Res, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742

Das, None

De, Van, Falzarano, Munster, REVIEWS SARS and MERS : recent insights into emerging coronaviruses, Nat Publ Gr n, doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81

Dhanalakshmi, None

Dofferhoff, Piscaer, Schurgers, Visser, Jong et al., Reduced vitamin K status as a potentially modifiable risk factor of severe COVID-19 Anton n

Fung, Yuen, A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence : lessons from other pathogenic viruses

Gadnayak, Sushma, Das, Artificial neural network-based study predicts GS441524 as a potential inhibitor of SARS COV-2 activator protein furin: A polypharmacology approach, Appl Biochem Biotechnology, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-513443/v1

Gal-Tanamy, Bachmetov, Ravid, Koren, Erman et al., An Innate Antiviral Agent Suppressing Hepatitis C Virus in Human Hepatocytes, doi:10.1002/hep.24575

Guo, Cao, Hong, Tan, Chen, The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease, COVID

Hezekiah, Icon, Ibraheem, Oladejo Ogunyemi, Clement Akinmoladun et al., Network analysis, sequence and structure dynamics of key proteins of coronavirus and human host, and molecular docking of selected phytochemicals of nine medicinal plants, J Biomol Struct Dyn, doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1794971

J O U R N A L P R E, -p r o o f

Jariwalla, Sh, Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid, Subcell Biochem

Jovic, Ali, Ibrahim, Jessop, Tarassoli et al., Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19 ?

Junaid, Ejaz, Abdalla, Abosalif, Ullah et al., E ff ective Immune Functions of Micronutrients against SARS-CoV-2, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12102992

Krieger, Darden, Nabuurs, Finkelstein, Making optimal use of empirical energy functions: Force-field parameterization in crystal space, Proteins, doi:10.1002/prot.20251

Kumar, Kancharla, Kumar, In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against, VirusDisease, doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6

Laskowski, Swindells, LigPlot + : Multiple Ligand À Protein Interaction Diagrams for Drug Discovery

Merad, Martin, Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages, Nat Rev Immunol, doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4

Morris, Huey, Lindstrom, Sanner, Belew et al., AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated Docking with Selective Receptor Flexibility, J Comput Chem, doi:10.1002/jcc.21256.AutoDock4

Munshi, Hussein, Toraih, Elshazli, Jardak et al., Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID -19 patients, doi:10.1002/jmv.26360

Nalla, Shah, A new era in molecular biology clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/cas9 technology: A brief understanding, Adv Hum Biol

Ou, Liu, Lei, Li, Mi et al., Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV, Nat Commun, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9

Pandya, Dabhi, Jha, Rawal, Targeting MLL-CXXC Domain with Synthetic CpG Dinucleotides : Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Based Approach, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1141.115

Pandya, None

Pandya, Rawal, Nanoinformatics: An Emerging Trend in Cancer Therapeutics, Nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology Concepts Appl. Heal. Agric. Environ

Pandya, Shah, None

Rawal, Sp Bhatnagar, Mehta, Smart and intelligent vehicles for drug delivery: Theranostic nanorobots, Adv. Nanomater. Point Care Diagnosis Ther, doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-85725-3.00004-0

Ross, Vitamin A Deficiency and Retinoid Repletion Regulate the Antibody Response to Bacterial Antigens and the Maintenance of Natural Killer Cells 1, Clin Immunol Immunopathol

Roujian, Zhao, Li, Niu, Yang et al., Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet

Santos, Jeane, Can vitamin B12 be an adjuvant to COVID-19 treatment?, GSC Biol Pharm Sci

Scavone, Brusco, Bertini, Sportiello, Rafaniello et al., Current pharmacological treatments for COVID-19 : What ' s next, doi:10.1111/bph.15072

Sejal, Molecular Landscape and Computational Screening of the Natural inhibitors against HPV16 E6 Oncoprotein, Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev

Sheybani, Dokoohaki, Negahdaripour, Dehdashti, Zolghadr, The Role of Folic Acid in the Management of Respiratory Disease The role of folic acid in the management of respiratory disease caused by COVID-19, doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12034980.v1

Tanzil, Pandya, None

Trott, Olson, AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading, J Comput Chem, doi:10.1002/jcc.21334.AutoDock

Turakhia, Shah, Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles: a promising approach in the development of antibacterial textiles, J Coatings Technol Res

Vishakha, None

Wu, Zhang, Furin, A Potential Therapeutic Target for COVID-19 Furin : A Potential Therapeutic Target for COVID-19, ISCIENCE, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101642

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 21]], 'date-time': '2022-04-21T21:42:05Z', 'timestamp': 1650577325182}, 'reference-count': 42, 'publisher': 'Elsevier BV', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 1]], 'date-time': '2022-04-01T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1648771200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 15]], 'date-time': '2022-04-15T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1649980800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 14, 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'short-container-title': ['Informatics in Medicine Unlocked'], 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4]]}, 'DOI': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 20]], 'date-time': '2022-04-20T21:37:03Z', 'timestamp': 1650490623000}, 'page': '100951', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': ['Unravelling Vitamin B12 as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2: A computational approach'], 'prefix': '10.1016', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-1297', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Medha', 'family': 'Pandya', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sejal', 'family': 'Shah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7735-6644', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Dhanalakshmi', 'family': 'M', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Tanzil', 'family': 'Juneja', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Amisha', 'family': 'Patel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ayushman', 'family': 'Gadnayak', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sushma', 'family': 'Dave', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kajari', 'family': 'Das', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Jayashankar', 'family': 'Das', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '78', 'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.isci.2020.101642', 'article-title': 'Furin : a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19 furin : a potential ' 'therapeutic target for COVID-19', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Wu', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'iScience'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib2', 'series-title': 'Emerging coronaviruses : Genome structure , replication , and ' 'pathogenesis', 'first-page': '418', 'author': 'Chen', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib3', 'volume': 'vol. 9', 'author': 'Fung', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Wit E De, Doremalen N Van, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. REVIEWS SARS and ' 'MERS : recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Publ Gr n.d. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81.', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib5', 'article-title': 'Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and ' 'its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV', 'author': 'Ou', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Nat Commun'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '275', 'DOI': '10.2217/fvl-2018-0144', 'article-title': 'Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Alsaadi', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Future Virol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'M Dhanalakshmi; Kajari Das; Medha Pandya; Sejal Shah ;Ayushman Gadnayak ' ';Sushma Dave;Jayashankar Das ; Artificial neural network-based study ' 'predicts GS441524 as a potential inhibitor of SARS COV-2 activator ' 'protein furin: a polypharmacology approach.Appl Biochem Biotechnol. ' 'https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-513443/v1.', 'DOI': '10.21203/rs.3.rs-513443/v1'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '565', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8', 'article-title': 'Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: ' 'implications for virus origins and receptor binding', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Roujian', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '531', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11998-019-00303-5', 'article-title': 'Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles: a promising approach in ' 'the development of antibacterial textiles', 'volume': '1034', 'author': 'Turakhia', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'J Coating Technol Res'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2461', 'DOI': '10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.8.2461', 'article-title': 'Molecular landscape and computational screening of the natural ' 'inhibitors against HPV16 E6 oncoprotein', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'Tanzil', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib11', 'series-title': 'Smart and intelligent vehicles for drug delivery: Theranostic ' 'nanorobots. Adv. Nanomater. Point Care Diagnosis Ther.', 'first-page': '541', 'author': 'Dave', 'year': '2022'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib12', 'first-page': '11', 'article-title': 'A new era in molecular biology clustered regularly interspaced short ' 'palindromic repeats/cas9 technology: a brief understanding', 'author': 'Nalla', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Adv Hum Biol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '29', 'DOI': '10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6', 'article-title': 'In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the ' 'therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'Kumar', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Virus Dis'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib14', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and ' 'death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, ' 'China', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Intern Med'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib15', 'first-page': '6195', 'author': 'Omodele Ibraheem', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'J Biomol Struct Dyn'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib16', 'unstructured': 'Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, Jessop ZM, Tarassoli SP, Dobbs TD, et al. ' 'Could vitamins help in the Fight against COVID-19 ? n.d..'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib17', 'volume': 'vols. 1–37', 'author': 'Bender', 'year': '2019'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '355', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4', 'article-title': 'Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for ' 'monocytes and macrophages', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Merad', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Immunol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib19', 'series-title': 'Current pharmacological treatments for COVID-19 : what ’ s next ?', 'first-page': '4813', 'author': 'Scavone', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1517', 'DOI': '10.1007/s43440-020-00176-1', 'article-title': 'Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-19', 'volume': '72', 'author': 'Abobaker', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Pharmacol Rep'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '5346', 'DOI': '10.3390/molecules25225346', 'article-title': 'The role of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in immune system against ' 'COVID-19', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Bae', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Molecules'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '215', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4613-0325-1_11', 'article-title': 'Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid', 'author': 'Jariwalla', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Subcell Biochem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib23', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease ' '2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the status', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Guo', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Mil Med Res'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib24', 'article-title': 'Can vitamin B12 be an adjuvant to COVID-19 treatment?', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Santos', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'GSC Biol Pharm Sci'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib25', 'article-title': 'E ff ective immune functions of micronutrients against SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Junaid', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '2785', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcc.21256', 'article-title': 'AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: automated docking with selective receptor ' 'flexibility', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Morris', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib27', 'first-page': '455', 'article-title': 'AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new ' 'scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Trott', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib28', 'first-page': '2778', 'article-title': 'LigPlot + : multiple ligand À protein interaction diagrams for', 'author': 'Laskowski', 'year': '2011', 'journal-title': 'Drug Discov'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '678', 'DOI': '10.1002/prot.20251', 'article-title': 'Making optimal use of empirical energy functions: force-field ' 'parameterization in crystal space', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Krieger', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Proteins'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'article-title': 'The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a ' 'furin- like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade', 'author': 'Coutard', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Antivir Res', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib31', 'series-title': 'The Role of Folic Acid in the Management of Respiratory Disease the role ' 'of folic acid in the management of respiratory disease caused by ' 'COVID-19', 'author': 'Covid- C', 'year': '2020'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib32', 'series-title': 'Regulation of protein-ligand binding affinity by hydrogen bond pairing', 'author': 'Chen', 'year': '2016'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib33', 'first-page': '260', 'article-title': 'Vitamin B15 A review and update', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Bolton', 'year': '1982', 'journal-title': 'Orthomol Psychiatr'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib34', 'series-title': 'Liver vitamin D receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 expression: relationship ' 'with liver histology and vitamin D3 levels in patients with nonalcoholic ' 'steatohepatitis or hepatitis C virus', 'author': 'Barchetta', 'year': '2012'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib35', 'series-title': 'Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID ‐ 19 ' 'patients', 'first-page': '733', 'author': 'Munshi', 'year': '2021'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib36', 'series-title': 'Vitamin D: an innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis C virus in ' 'human hepatocytes', 'first-page': '1570', 'author': 'Gal-tanamy', 'year': '2011'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib37', 'article-title': 'Vitamin C for the treatment of COVID-19: a living systematic review', 'author': 'Baladia', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'medRxiv'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib38', 'unstructured': 'Dofferhoff ASM, Piscaer I, Schurgers LJ, Visser MPJ, Jong PA De, Gosens ' 'R, et al. Reduced vitamin K status as a potentially modifiable risk ' 'factor of severe COVID-19 Anton n.d.'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '63', 'DOI': '10.1006/clin.1996.0143', 'article-title': 'Vitamin A deficiency and retinoid repletion regulate the antibody ' 'response to bacterial antigens and the maintenance of natural killer ' 'cells 1', 'volume': '80', 'author': 'Ross', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Clin Immunol Immunopathol'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib40', 'first-page': '115', 'volume': 'vol. 1141', 'author': 'Pandya', 'year': '2016'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib41', 'series-title': 'Structural and functional analysis of AF9-MLL Oncogenic Fusion Protein ' 'using homology modeling and simulation based approach', 'author': 'Dave', 'year': '2016'}, { 'key': '10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951_bib42', 'first-page': '135', 'article-title': 'Nanoinformatics: an emerging trend in cancer therapeutics', 'author': 'Pandya', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Nanobiotechnol Nanobiotechnol Concepts Appl Heal Agric Environ'}], 'container-title': ['Informatics in Medicine Unlocked'], 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352914822000971?httpAccept=text/xml', 'content-type': 'text/xml', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352914822000971?httpAccept=text/plain', 'content-type': 'text/plain', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 4, 20]], 'date-time': '2022-04-20T21:37:28Z', 'timestamp': 1650490648000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352914822000971'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4]]}, 'references-count': 42, 'alternative-id': ['S2352914822000971'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2022.100951', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2352-9148'], 'issn-type': [{'value': '2352-9148', 'type': 'print'}], 'subject': ['Health Informatics'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 4]]}, 'article-number': '100951'}

Download Image

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

Submit

Post

@CovidAnalysis

FAQ

Public domain CC0 1.0