Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All vitamin C studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchVitamin CVitamin C (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis       

In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19

Kumar et al., VirusDisease, doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6 (date from preprint)
May 2020  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Vitamin C for COVID-19
6th treatment shown to reduce risk in September 2020, now with p = 0.00000002 from 73 studies, recognized in 12 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 109 treatments. c19early.org
In Silico analysis finding that magnesium ascorbate, a form of Vitamin C, was found to be the top compound among 106 nutraceuticals for binding to Mpro of SARS-CoV-2.
14 preclinical studies support the efficacy of vitamin C for COVID-19:
Vitamin C has been identified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as having sufficient evidence for a causal relationship between intake and optimal immune system function13-15. Vitamin C plays a key role in the immune system, supporting the production and function of leukocytes, or white blood cells, which defend against infection and disease, including the production of lymphocytes, which make antibodies, and enhancing phagocytosis, the process by which immune system cells ingest and destroy viruses and infected cells. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro5,9, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2 levels in a dose-dependent manner10, and may limit COVID-19 induced cardiac damage by acting as an antioxidant and potentially reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by the spike protein that contributes to the activation of profibrotic pathways16. Vitamin C reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and NETosis, supporting immune function and vascular protection17. Intracellular levels of vitamin C decline during COVID-19 hospitalization suggesting ongoing utilization and depletion of vitamin C18. Threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C, is lower in mild and severe cases, consistent with increased need for and metabolization of vitamin C with moderate infection, but more limited ability to produce threonic acid in severe infection due to depletion or existing lower levels of vitamin C19. Symptomatic COVID-19 is associated with a lower frequency of natural killer (NK) cells, and vitamin C has been shown to improve NK cell numbers and functioning20,21.
Study covers vitamin B9 and vitamin C.
Kumar et al., 27 May 2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. Contact: manoj.20283@lpu.co.in, vipul2732@gmail.com, sudhakar@devlabwerks.com.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperVitamin CAll
In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19
Vipul Kumar, Sudhakar Kancharla, Manoj Kumar
The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the Wuhan province of China has taken millions of lives worldwide. In this pandemic situation and absence of known drugs and vaccines against novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there is an urgent need for the repurposing of the existing drugs against it. So, here we have examined a safe and cheap alternative against this virus by screening hundreds of nutraceuticals compounds against known therapeutic targets of SARS-COV-2 by molecular docking. The virtual screening results were then analyzed for binding energy and interactive residues and compared with some already known hits in the best binding pose. All these analyses of this study strongly predicted the potential of Folic acid and its derivates like Tetrahydrofolic acid and 5-methyl tetrahydrofolic acid against SARS-COV-2. The strong and stable binding affinity of this water-soluble vitamin and its derivatives against the SARS-COV-2, indicating that they could be valuable drugs against the management of this COVID-19 pandemic. This study could serve as the starting point for further investigation of these molecules through in vitro and in vivo assays.
References
Alsaadi, Jones, Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses, Future Virol, doi:10.2217/fvl-2018-0144
Annunziata, Resveratrol as a novel anti-herpes simplex virus nutraceutical agent: an overview, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v10090473
Banerjee, Mukhopadhyay, Viral glycoproteins: biological role and application in diagnosis, Virusdisease, doi:10.1007/s13337-015-0293-5
Bertram, Cleavage and activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by human airway trypsin-like protease, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.05300-11
Bhardwaj, The coronavirus endoribonuclease Nsp15 interacts with retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, J Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.07012-11
Biovia, Discovery studio modeling environment
Chandra, Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-COV-2 endoribonuclease (EndoU) from FDA approved drugs: a drug repurposing approach to find therapeutics for COVID-19, J Biomol Struct Dyn, doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1775127
Chase, Semler, Viral subversion of host functions for picornavirus translation and RNA replication, Future Virol, doi:10.2217/fvl.12.2
Chen, Yu, First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model, Glob Health Res Policy, doi:10.1186/s41256-020-00137-4
Daina, Michielin, Zoete, SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules, Sci Rep, doi:10.1038/srep42717
Dallakyan, Olson, Small-molecule library screening by docking with PyRx, Methods Mol Biol, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_19
Dong, Hu, Gao, Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Drug Discov Ther, doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.01012
Du, The spike protein of SARS-CoV-a target for vaccine and therapeutic development, Nat Rev Microbiol, doi:10.1038/nrmicro2090
Fehr, Perlman, Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis, Methods Mol Biol, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
Feng, COVID-19 and liver dysfunction: current insights and emergent therapeutic strategies, J Clin Transl Hepatol, doi:10.14218/jcth.2020.00018
Gao, Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease, Acta Pharm Sin B, doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.014
Ghose, Viswanadhan, Wendoloski, A knowledgebased approach in designing combinatorial or medicinal chemistry libraries for drug discovery. 1. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of known drug databases, J Comb Chem, doi:10.1021/cc9800071
Gorton, Jarvis, The effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing and relieving the symptoms of virus-induced respiratory infections, J Manip Physiol Ther, doi:10.1016/s0161-4754(99)70005-9
Helal, Nutraceuticals' novel formulations: the good, the bad, the unknown and patents involved. Recent Pat, Drug Deliv Formul, doi:10.2174/1872211313666190503112040
Hemila, Vitamin C and infections, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu9040339
Hoffmann, SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Jin, Structure of M(pro) from COVID-19 virus and discovery of its inhibitors, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y
Kim, Crystal structure of Nsp15 endoribonuclease Nen-doU from SARS-CoV-2, Protein Sci, doi:10.1002/pro.3873
Kim, Vitamin C is an essential factor on the anti-viral immune responses through the production of interferon-alpha/beta at the initial stage of influenza a virus (H3N2) infection, Immune Netw, doi:10.4110/in.2013.13.2.70
Kolifarhood, Epidemiological and clinical aspects of COVID-19; a narrative review, Arch Acad Emerg Med
Li, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives, Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
Lim, Human coronaviruses: a review of virus-host interactions, Diseases, doi:10.3390/diseases4030026
Lipinski, Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00129-0
Lu, Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Morrey, Effects of folic acid malnutrition on rotaviral infection in mice, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, doi:10.3181/00379727-176-41845
Nakagawa, Lokugamage, Makino, Viral and cellular mRNA translation in coronavirus-infected cells, Adv Virus Res, doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.001
Nasri, New concepts in nutraceuticals as alternative for pharmaceuticals, Int J Prev Med
Nichols, Campbell, Boeckh, Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances, Clin Microbiol Rev, doi:10.1128/cmr.00045-07
Ortiz-Alcantara, Bhardwaj, Palaninathan, Frieman, Baric et al., Small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV Nsp15 endoribonuclease. Virus Adapt Treat Virus Adapt Treat
Page, Hamzelou, What you need to know, New Sci, doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30475-9
Ricagno, Crystal structure and mechanistic determinants of SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein 15 define an endoribonuclease family, Proc Natl Acad Sci, doi:10.1073/pnas.0601708103
Rimanshee, Potential inhibitors against papain-like protease of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from FDA approved drugs
Singhal, A review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), Indian J Pediatr, doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
Trott, Olson, AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading, J Comput Chem, doi:10.1002/jcc.21334
Tyrrell, Myint, Coronaviruses
Van Woensel, Van Aalderen, Kimpen, Viral lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7405.36
Vatansever, Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease to repurpose drugs for COVID-19
Velthuis, The RNA polymerase activity of SARScoronavirus nsp12 is primer dependent, Nucl Acids Res, doi:10.1093/nar/gkp904
Wang, Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2, Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045
Watanabe, Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology, Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj, doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012
Xu, Arbidol/IFN-alpha2b therapy for patients with corona virus disease 2019: a retrospective multicenter cohort study, Microbes Infect, doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.012
Yamshchikov, Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Endocr Pract, doi:10.4158/EP09101.ORR
Yang, The deadly coronaviruses: the 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China, J Autoimmun, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434
Yi, COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease, Int J Biol Sci, doi:10.7150/ijbs.45134
Zahra, The role of folic acid in the management of respiratory disease caused by COVID-19
Zhou, Zhao, Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Int J Biol Sci, doi:10.7150/ijbs.45123
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 27]], 'date-time': '2023-03-27T01:49:30Z', 'timestamp': 1679881770086}, 'reference-count': 52, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 28]], 'date-time': '2021-01-28T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1611792000000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.springer.com/tdm'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 28]], 'date-time': '2021-01-28T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1611792000000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://www.springer.com/tdm'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3]]}, 'DOI': '10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 28]], 'date-time': '2021-01-28T20:02:57Z', 'timestamp': 1611864177000}, 'page': '29-37', 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 26, 'title': 'In silico virtual screening-based study of nutraceuticals predicts the therapeutic potentials of ' 'folic acid and its derivatives against COVID-19', 'prefix': '10.1007', 'volume': '32', 'author': [ {'given': 'Vipul', 'family': 'Kumar', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Sudhakar', 'family': 'Kancharla', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3847-8539', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Manoj Kumar', 'family': 'Jena', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 28]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '4', 'key': '643_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '275', 'DOI': '10.2217/fvl-2018-0144', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'EAJ Alsaadi', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Alsaadi EAJ, Jones IM. Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses. ' 'Future Virol. 2019;14(4):275–86. https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2018-0144.', 'journal-title': 'Future Virol'}, { 'key': '643_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'G Annunziata', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Annunziata G, et al. Resveratrol as a novel anti-herpes simplex virus ' 'nutraceutical agent: an overview. Viruses. 2018. ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090473.', 'journal-title': 'Viruses', 'DOI': '10.3390/v10090473'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1007/s13337-015-0293-5', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'N Banerjee', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Banerjee N, Mukhopadhyay S. Viral glycoproteins: biological role and ' 'application in diagnosis. Virusdisease. 2016;27(1):1–11. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-015-0293-5.', 'journal-title': 'Virusdisease'}, { 'issue': '24', 'key': '643_CR4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '13363', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.05300-11', 'volume': '85', 'author': 'S Bertram', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Bertram S, et al. Cleavage and activation of the severe acute ' 'respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by human airway ' 'trypsin-like protease. J Virol. 2011;85(24):13363–72. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05300-11.', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '643_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4294', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.07012-11', 'volume': '86', 'author': 'K Bhardwaj', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Bhardwaj K, et al. The coronavirus endoribonuclease Nsp15 interacts with ' 'retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. J Virol. 2012;86(8):4294–304. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.07012-11.', 'journal-title': 'J Virol'}, { 'key': '643_CR6', 'unstructured': 'BIOVIA, D.S., Discovery studio modeling environment. 2020.'}, { 'key': '643_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'A Chandra', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Chandra A, et al. Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-COV-2 ' 'endoribonuclease (EndoU) from FDA approved drugs: a drug repurposing ' 'approach to find therapeutics for COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1775127.', 'journal-title': 'J Biomol Struct Dyn', 'DOI': '10.1080/07391102.2020.1775127'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '643_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '179', 'DOI': '10.2217/fvl.12.2', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'AJ Chase', 'year': '2012', 'unstructured': 'Chase AJ, Semler BL. Viral subversion of host functions for picornavirus ' 'translation and RNA replication. Future Virol. 2012;7(2):179–91. ' 'https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl.12.2.', 'journal-title': 'Future Virol'}, { 'key': '643_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '7', 'DOI': '10.1186/s41256-020-00137-4', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'X Chen', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Chen X, Yu B. First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease ' '(COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with ' 'a second derivative model. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5:7. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00137-4.', 'journal-title': 'Glob Health Res Policy'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '643_CR10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '536', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of ' 'Viruses', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of ' 'Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related ' 'coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat ' 'Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Microbiol'}, { 'key': '643_CR11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '42717', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep42717', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'A Daina', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate ' 'pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of ' 'small molecules. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42717. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717.', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'key': '643_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '243', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_19', 'volume': '1263', 'author': 'S Dallakyan', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Dallakyan S, Olson AJ. Small-molecule library screening by docking with ' 'PyRx. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1263:243–50. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2269-7_19.', 'journal-title': 'Methods Mol Biol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '58', 'DOI': '10.5582/ddt.2020.01012', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'L Dong', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 ' '(COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther. 2020;14(1):58–60. ' 'https://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2020.01012.', 'journal-title': 'Drug Discov Ther'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '643_CR14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '226', 'DOI': '10.1038/nrmicro2090', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'L Du', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Du L, et al. The spike protein of SARS-CoV—a target for vaccine and ' 'therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(3):226–36. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2090.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Rev Microbiol'}, { 'key': '643_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1', 'volume': '1282', 'author': 'AR Fehr', 'year': '2015', 'unstructured': 'Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and ' 'pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1282:1–23. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.', 'journal-title': 'Methods Mol Biol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '18', 'DOI': '10.14218/jcth.2020.00018', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'G Feng', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Feng G, et al. COVID-19 and liver dysfunction: current insights and ' 'emergent therapeutic strategies. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8(1):18–24. ' 'https://doi.org/10.14218/jcth.2020.00018.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Transl Hepatol'}, { 'key': '643_CR17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'X Gao', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Gao X, et al. Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease. Acta ' 'Pharm Sin B. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.014.', 'journal-title': 'Acta Pharm Sin B', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.014'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '55', 'DOI': '10.1021/cc9800071', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'AK Ghose', 'year': '1999', 'unstructured': 'Ghose AK, Viswanadhan VN, Wendoloski JJ. A knowledge-based approach in ' 'designing combinatorial or medicinal chemistry libraries for drug ' 'discovery. 1. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of known ' 'drug databases. J Comb Chem. 1999;1(1):55–68. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1021/cc9800071.', 'journal-title': 'J Comb Chem'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '643_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '530', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0161-4754(99)70005-9', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'HC Gorton', 'year': '1999', 'unstructured': 'Gorton HC, Jarvis K. The effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing and ' 'relieving the symptoms of virus-induced respiratory infections. J Manip ' 'Physiol Ther. 1999;22(8):530–3. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-4754(99)70005-9.', 'journal-title': 'J Manip Physiol Ther'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '643_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '105', 'DOI': '10.2174/1872211313666190503112040', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'NA Helal', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Helal NA, et al. Nutraceuticals’ novel formulations: the good, the bad, ' 'the unknown and patents involved. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. ' '2019;13(2):105–56. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872211313666190503112040.', 'journal-title': 'Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul'}, { 'key': '643_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'H Hemila', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Hemila H. Vitamin C and infections. Nutrients. 2017. ' 'https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040339.', 'journal-title': 'Nutrients', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu9040339'}, { 'key': '643_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'M Hoffmann', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Hoffmann M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and ' 'is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.', 'journal-title': 'Cell', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052'}, { 'key': '643_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'Z Jin', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Jin Z, et al. Structure of M(pro) from COVID-19 virus and discovery of ' 'its inhibitors. Nature. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y.', 'journal-title': 'Nature', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '643_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '70', 'DOI': '10.4110/in.2013.13.2.70', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Y Kim', 'year': '2013', 'unstructured': 'Kim Y, et al. Vitamin C is an essential factor on the anti-viral immune ' 'responses through the production of interferon-alpha/beta at the initial ' 'stage of influenza a virus (H3N2) infection. Immune Netw. ' '2013;13(2):70–4. https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2013.13.2.70.', 'journal-title': 'Immune Netw'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '643_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1596', 'DOI': '10.1002/pro.3873', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Y Kim', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Kim Y, et al. Crystal structure of Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from ' 'SARS-CoV-2. Protein Sci. 2020;29(7):1596–605. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3873.', 'journal-title': 'Protein Sci'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR26', 'first-page': 'e41', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'G Kolifarhood', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Kolifarhood G, et al. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of COVID-19; ' 'a narrative review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e41.', 'journal-title': 'Arch Acad Emerg Med'}, { 'issue': '3272', 'key': '643_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '8', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30475-9', 'volume': '245', 'author': 'M Le Page', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Le Page M, Hamzelou J. What you need to know. New Sci. ' '2020;245(3272):8–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30475-9.', 'journal-title': 'New Sci'}, { 'key': '643_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'H Li', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Li H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and ' 'future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Antimicrob Agents', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951'}, { 'key': '643_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'author': 'YX Lim', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Lim YX, et al. Human coronaviruses: a review of virus–host interactions. ' 'Diseases. 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases4030026.', 'journal-title': 'Diseases', 'DOI': '10.3390/diseases4030026'}, { 'issue': '1–3', 'key': '643_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3', 'DOI': '10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00129-0', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'CA Lipinski', 'year': '2001', 'unstructured': 'Lipinski CA, et al. Experimental and computational approaches to ' 'estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development ' 'settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;46(1–3):3–26. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00129-0.', 'journal-title': 'Adv Drug Deliv Rev'}, { 'issue': '10224', 'key': '643_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '565', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'R Lu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Lu R, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel ' 'coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. ' 'Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–74. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '77', 'DOI': '10.3181/00379727-176-41845', 'volume': '176', 'author': 'JD Morrey', 'year': '1984', 'unstructured': 'Morrey JD, et al. Effects of folic acid malnutrition on rotaviral ' 'infection in mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1984;176(1):77–83. ' 'https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-176-41845.', 'journal-title': 'Proc Soc Exp Biol Med'}, { 'key': '643_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '165', 'DOI': '10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.001', 'volume': '96', 'author': 'K Nakagawa', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Nakagawa K, Lokugamage KG, Makino S. Viral and cellular mRNA translation ' 'in coronavirus-infected cells. Adv Virus Res. 2016;96:165–92. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.001.', 'journal-title': 'Adv Virus Res'}, { 'issue': '12', 'key': '643_CR34', 'first-page': '1487', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'H Nasri', 'year': '2014', 'unstructured': 'Nasri H, et al. New concepts in nutraceuticals as alternative for ' 'pharmaceuticals. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(12):1487–99.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Prev Med'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '643_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '274', 'DOI': '10.1128/cmr.00045-07', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'WG Nichols', 'year': '2008', 'unstructured': 'Nichols WG, Peck Campbell AJ, Boeckh M. Respiratory viruses other than ' 'influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances. Clin Microbiol Rev. ' '2008;21(2):274–90. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00045-07.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Microbiol Rev'}, { 'key': '643_CR36', 'first-page': '125', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'J Ortiz-Alcantara', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Ortiz-Alcantara J, Bhardwaj K, Palaninathan S, Frieman M, Baric RS, Kao ' 'CC. Small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV Nsp15 endoribonuclease. ' 'Virus Adapt Treat Virus Adapt Treat. 2010;2:125–33.', 'journal-title': 'Virus Adapt Treat Virus Adapt Treat'}, { 'issue': '32', 'key': '643_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '11892', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.0601708103', 'volume': '103', 'author': 'S Ricagno', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Ricagno S, et al. Crystal structure and mechanistic determinants of SARS ' 'coronavirus nonstructural protein 15 define an endoribonuclease family. ' 'Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(32):11892–7. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601708103.', 'journal-title': 'Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'}, { 'key': '643_CR38', 'unstructured': 'Rimanshee, A., et al., Potential inhibitors against papain-like protease ' 'of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from FDA approved drugs. 2020.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '643_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '281', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6', 'volume': '87', 'author': 'T Singhal', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Singhal T. A review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J ' 'Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6.', 'journal-title': 'Indian J Pediatr'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '643_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '203', 'DOI': '10.1093/nar/gkp904', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'AJ te Velthuis', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'te Velthuis AJ, et al. The RNA polymerase activity of SARS-coronavirus ' 'nsp12 is primer dependent. Nucl Acids Res. 2010;38(1):203–14. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp904.', 'journal-title': 'Nucl Acids Res'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '643_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '455', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcc.21334', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'O Trott', 'year': '2010', 'unstructured': 'Trott O, Olson AJ. AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of ' 'docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and ' 'multithreading. J Comput Chem. 2010;31(2):455–61. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334.', 'journal-title': 'J Comput Chem'}, { 'key': '643_CR42', 'volume-title': 'Medical microbiology', 'author': 'DAJ Tyrrell', 'year': '1996', 'unstructured': 'Tyrrell DAJ, Myint SH. Coronaviruses. In: Baron S, editor. Medical ' 'microbiology. Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch at ' 'Galveston; 1996.'}, { 'issue': '7405', 'key': '643_CR43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '36', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj.327.7405.36', 'volume': '327', 'author': 'JB van Woensel', 'year': '2003', 'unstructured': 'van Woensel JB, van Aalderen WM, Kimpen JL. Viral lower respiratory ' 'tract infection in infants and young children. BMJ. ' '2003;327(7405):36–40. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7405.36.', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': '643_CR44', 'unstructured': 'Vatansever, E.C., et al., Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease to ' 'repurpose drugs for COVID-19. bioRxiv. 2020.'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '643_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '894', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045', 'volume': '181', 'author': 'Q Wang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Wang Q, et al. Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by ' 'using human ACE2. Cell. 2020;181(4):894–904. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045.', 'journal-title': 'Cell'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '643_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1480', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012', 'volume': '1863', 'author': 'Y Watanabe', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Watanabe Y, et al. Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus ' 'pathobiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2019;1863(10):1480–97. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.012.', 'journal-title': 'Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj'}, { 'issue': '4–5', 'key': '643_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '200', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.012', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'P Xu', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Xu P, et al. Arbidol/IFN-alpha2b therapy for patients with corona virus ' 'disease 2019: a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Microbes Infect. ' '2020;22(4–5):200–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.012.', 'journal-title': 'Microbes Infect'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '643_CR48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '438', 'DOI': '10.4158/EP09101.ORR', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'AV Yamshchikov', 'year': '2009', 'unstructured': 'Yamshchikov AV, et al. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of ' 'infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled ' 'trials. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(5):438–49. ' 'https://doi.org/10.4158/EP09101.ORR.', 'journal-title': 'Endocr Pract'}, { 'key': '643_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '102434', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434', 'volume': '109', 'author': 'Y Yang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Yang Y, et al. The deadly coronaviruses: the 2003 SARS pandemic and the ' '2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102434. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434.', 'journal-title': 'J Autoimmun'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '643_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1753', 'DOI': '10.7150/ijbs.45134', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Y Yi', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Yi Y, et al. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the ' 'novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1753–66. ' 'https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45134.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Biol Sci'}, { 'key': '643_CR51', 'unstructured': 'Zahra, S., et al., The role of folic acid in the management of ' 'respiratory disease caused by COVID-19. 2020.'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '643_CR52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1718', 'DOI': '10.7150/ijbs.45123', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'G Zhou', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zhou G, Zhao Q. Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies ' 'against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Sci. ' '2020;16(10):1718–23. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45123.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Biol Sci'}], 'container-title': 'VirusDisease', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 6, 10]], 'date-time': '2021-06-10T12:45:39Z', 'timestamp': 1623329139000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 28]]}, 'references-count': 52, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 3]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['643'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00643-6', 'relation': { 'has-preprint': [ { 'id-type': 'doi', 'id': '10.21203/rs.3.rs-31775/v1', 'asserted-by': 'object'}]}, 'ISSN': ['2347-3584', '2347-3517'], 'subject': ['Infectious Diseases', 'Virology'], 'container-title-short': 'VirusDis.', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 1, 28]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '5 May 2020', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '11 November 2020', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '28 January 2021', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': 'This content has been made available to all.', 'name': 'free', 'label': 'Free to read'}]}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit