Supplementary Data — Nitric Oxide reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 14 studies

October 2026

Nitric oxide COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR ยท 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Winchester (DB RCT)42%0.58 ยท 0.36โ€“0.94no improv.8/1523/25 Winchester (DB RCT)51%0.49 ยท 0.32โ€“0.75viral load40 (n)40 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)68%0.32 ยท 0.09โ€“1.12no improv.3/6410/69 Tandon (DB RCT)67%0.33 ยท 0.11โ€“0.97no improv.4/6413/69 Tandon (DB RCT)42%0.58 ยท 0.33โ€“1.01no improv.14/6426/69 Tandon (DB RCT)22%0.78 ยท 0.32โ€“1.89no improv.8/10510/102 Tandon (DB RCT)18%0.82 ยท 0.39โ€“1.75no improv.11/10513/102 Tandon (DB RCT)9%0.91 ยท 0.60โ€“1.38no improv.30/10532/102 Tandon (DB RCT)20%0.80 ยท 0.75โ€“0.86viral load64 (n)69 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)14%0.86 ยท 0.83โ€“0.90viral load105 (n)102 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)26%0.74 ยท 0.52โ€“1.05viral time64 (n)69 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)6%0.94 ยท 0.70โ€“1.25viral time105 (n)102 (n) Bryan (DB RCT)โˆ’1%1.01 ยท 0.21โ€“4.95progression3/2613/263 Bryan (DB RCT)11%0.89 ยท 0.71โ€“1.11recov. time261 (n)263 (n) Chandelโˆ’54%1.54 ยท 0.72โ€“2.78death12/6636/206 Chandelโˆ’27%1.27 ยท 0.82โ€“1.73ventilation29/6679/206 Moni (RCT)90%0.10 ยท 0.01โ€“1.67death0/144/11ICU patients Moni (RCT)90%0.10 ยท 0.01โ€“1.67ventilation0/144/11ICU patients Moni (RCT)42%0.58 ยท 0.05โ€“1.00no improv.3/147/11ICU patients Moni (RCT)64%0.36 ยท 0.17โ€“0.74viral load14 (n)11 (n)ICU patients Moni (RCT)63%0.37 ยท 0.18โ€“0.75viral load14 (n)11 (n)ICU patients Strickland (RCT)โˆ’179%2.79 ยท 0.12โ€“63.96ventilation1/190/15 Strickland (RCT)21%0.79 ยท 0.05โ€“11.61hosp.1/191/15 Strickland (RCT)โˆ’38%1.38 ยท 0.50โ€“3.85misc.7/194/15 Poonam14%0.86 ยท 0.72โ€“1.04death32/4156/62Ventilated patients OT1 Valsecchi58%0.42 ยท 0.02โ€“9.86death0/201/51 Valsecchi68%0.32 ยท 0.08โ€“1.26ventilation2/2016/51 Valsecchi39%0.61 ยท 0.27โ€“1.39ICU5/2021/51 Di Fenza (SB RCT)23%0.77 ยท 0.44โ€“1.32death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)26%0.74 ยท 0.39โ€“1.40death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)13%0.87 ยท 0.52โ€“1.43death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)15%0.85 ยท 0.50โ€“1.46death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)30%0.70 ยท 0.14โ€“3.39progression94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)83%0.17 ยท 0.04โ€“0.62misc.94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Wolak (RCT)64%0.36 ยท 0.14โ€“0.91oxygen16 (n)19 (n) Wolak (RCT)81%0.19 ยท 0.03โ€“1.00oxygen16 (n)19 (n) Wolak (RCT)41%0.59 ยท 0.24โ€“1.43hosp.16 (n)19 (n) Friedrich (RCT)โˆ’50%1.50 ยท 0.27โ€“8.28death3/272/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)50%0.50 ยท 0.24โ€“1.04oxygen7/2714/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)35%0.65 ยท 0.41โ€“1.02oxygen13/2720/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)31%0.69 ยท 0.52โ€“0.91oxygen18/2726/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)0%1.00 ยท 0.33โ€“3.06progression5/275/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)36%0.64 ยท 0.49โ€“0.84hosp. time27 (n)27 (n)iNO-COVID-19 Kurnik (ICU)23%0.77 ยท 0.38โ€“1.59death3/597/125ICU patients Berra (RCT)65%0.35 ยท 0.01โ€“8.21death0/291/33NoCovid Berra (RCT)โˆ’14%1.14 ยท 0.07โ€“17.39ventilation1/291/33NoCovid Miller75%0.25 ยท 0.14โ€“0.43cases13/203108/422
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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โ† Nitric Oxide
reduces risk
Nitric Oxide
increases risk โ†’
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.