Supplementary Data — Nitric Oxide reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 14 studies

October 2026

Nitric oxide COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Winchester (DB RCT)42%0.58 · 0.36–0.94no improv.8/1523/25 Winchester (DB RCT)51%0.49 · 0.32–0.75viral load40 (n)40 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)68%0.32 · 0.09–1.12no improv.3/6410/69 Tandon (DB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.11–0.97no improv.4/6413/69 Tandon (DB RCT)42%0.58 · 0.33–1.01no improv.14/6426/69 Tandon (DB RCT)22%0.78 · 0.32–1.89no improv.8/10510/102 Tandon (DB RCT)18%0.82 · 0.39–1.75no improv.11/10513/102 Tandon (DB RCT)9%0.91 · 0.60–1.38no improv.30/10532/102 Tandon (DB RCT)20%0.80 · 0.75–0.86viral load64 (n)69 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)14%0.86 · 0.83–0.90viral load105 (n)102 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.52–1.05viral time64 (n)69 (n) Tandon (DB RCT)6%0.94 · 0.70–1.25viral time105 (n)102 (n) Bryan (DB RCT)−1%1.01 · 0.21–4.95progression3/2613/263 Bryan (DB RCT)11%0.89 · 0.71–1.11recov. time261 (n)263 (n) Chandel−54%1.54 · 0.72–2.78death12/6636/206 Chandel−27%1.27 · 0.82–1.73ventilation29/6679/206 Moni (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–1.67death0/144/11ICU patients Moni (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–1.67ventilation0/144/11ICU patients Moni (RCT)42%0.58 · 0.05–1.00no improv.3/147/11ICU patients Moni (RCT)64%0.36 · 0.17–0.74viral load14 (n)11 (n)ICU patients Moni (RCT)63%0.37 · 0.18–0.75viral load14 (n)11 (n)ICU patients Strickland (RCT)−179%2.79 · 0.12–63.96ventilation1/190/15 Strickland (RCT)21%0.79 · 0.05–11.61hosp.1/191/15 Strickland (RCT)−38%1.38 · 0.50–3.85misc.7/194/15 Poonam14%0.86 · 0.72–1.04death32/4156/62Ventilated patients OT1 Valsecchi58%0.42 · 0.02–9.86death0/201/51 Valsecchi68%0.32 · 0.08–1.26ventilation2/2016/51 Valsecchi39%0.61 · 0.27–1.39ICU5/2021/51 Di Fenza (SB RCT)23%0.77 · 0.44–1.32death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.39–1.40death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)13%0.87 · 0.52–1.43death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)15%0.85 · 0.50–1.46death94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)30%0.70 · 0.14–3.39progression94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT)83%0.17 · 0.04–0.62misc.94 (n)99 (n)NOSARSCOVIDVentilated patients Wolak (RCT)64%0.36 · 0.14–0.91oxygen16 (n)19 (n) Wolak (RCT)81%0.19 · 0.03–1.00oxygen16 (n)19 (n) Wolak (RCT)41%0.59 · 0.24–1.43hosp.16 (n)19 (n) Friedrich (RCT)−50%1.50 · 0.27–8.28death3/272/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)50%0.50 · 0.24–1.04oxygen7/2714/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)35%0.65 · 0.41–1.02oxygen13/2720/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)31%0.69 · 0.52–0.91oxygen18/2726/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.33–3.06progression5/275/27iNO-COVID-19 Friedrich (RCT)36%0.64 · 0.49–0.84hosp. time27 (n)27 (n)iNO-COVID-19 Kurnik (ICU)23%0.77 · 0.38–1.59death3/597/125ICU patients Berra (RCT)65%0.35 · 0.01–8.21death0/291/33NoCovid Berra (RCT)−14%1.14 · 0.07–17.39ventilation1/291/33NoCovid Miller75%0.25 · 0.14–0.43cases13/203108/422
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1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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← Nitric Oxide
reduces risk
Nitric Oxide
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.