Supplementary Data — Nitric Oxide for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 13 studies

@CovidAnalysis, November 2025, Version 13V13
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Winchester (DB RCT) 42% 0.58 [0.36-0.94] no improv. 8/15 23/25 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Winchester (DB RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.32-0.75] viral load 40 (n) 40 (n) Tandon (DB RCT) 68% 0.32 [0.09-1.12] no improv. 3/64 10/69 Tandon (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.11-0.97] no improv. 4/64 13/69 Tandon (DB RCT) 42% 0.58 [0.33-1.01] no improv. 14/64 26/69 Tandon (DB RCT) 22% 0.78 [0.32-1.89] no improv. 8/105 10/102 Tandon (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.39-1.75] no improv. 11/105 13/102 Tandon (DB RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.60-1.38] no improv. 30/105 32/102 Tandon (DB RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.75-0.86] viral load 64 (n) 69 (n) Tandon (DB RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.83-0.90] viral load 105 (n) 102 (n) Tandon (DB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.52-1.05] viral time 64 (n) 69 (n) Tandon (DB RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.70-1.25] viral time 105 (n) 102 (n) Bryan (DB RCT) -1% 1.01 [0.21-4.95] progression 3/261 3/263 Bryan (DB RCT) 11% 0.89 [0.71-1.11] recov. time 261 (n) 263 (n) Chandel -54% 1.54 [0.72-2.78] death 12/66 36/206 Chandel -27% 1.27 [0.82-1.73] ventilation 29/66 79/206 Moni (RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.76] death 0/14 4/11 ICU patients Moni (RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.76] ventilation 0/14 4/11 ICU patients Moni (RCT) 42% 0.58 [0.05-1.00] no improv. 3/14 7/11 ICU patients Moni (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.17-0.74] viral load 14 (n) 11 (n) ICU patients Moni (RCT) 63% 0.37 [0.18-0.75] viral load 14 (n) 11 (n) ICU patients Strickland (RCT) -179% 2.79 [0.12-64.0] ventilation 1/19 0/15 Strickland (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.05-11.6] hosp. 1/19 1/15 Strickland (RCT) -38% 1.38 [0.50-3.85] misc. 7/19 4/15 Poonam 14% 0.86 [0.72-1.04] death 32/41 56/62 Ventilated patients OT​1​ Valsecchi 58% 0.42 [0.02-9.86] death 0/20 1/51 Valsecchi 68% 0.32 [0.08-1.26] ventilation 2/20 16/51 Valsecchi 39% 0.61 [0.27-1.39] ICU 5/20 21/51 Al Sulaiman (ICU) -40% 1.40 [0.94-2.11] death 44/56 52/125 ICU patients Al Sulaiman (ICU) -18% 1.18 [0.77-1.82] death 41/56 44/122 ICU patients Di Fenza (SB RCT) 23% 0.77 [0.44-1.32] death 94 (n) 99 (n) Ventilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.39-1.40] death 94 (n) 99 (n) Ventilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT) 13% 0.87 [0.52-1.43] death 94 (n) 99 (n) Ventilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.50-1.46] death 94 (n) 99 (n) Ventilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT) 30% 0.70 [0.14-3.39] progression 94 (n) 99 (n) Ventilated patients Di Fenza (SB RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.04-0.62] misc. 94 (n) 99 (n) Ventilated patients Wolak (RCT) 64% 0.36 [0.14-0.91] oxygen 16 (n) 19 (n) Wolak (RCT) 81% 0.19 [0.03-1.00] oxygen 16 (n) 19 (n) Wolak (RCT) 41% 0.59 [0.24-1.43] hosp. 16 (n) 19 (n) Kurnik (ICU) 23% 0.77 [0.38-1.59] death 3/5 97/125 ICU patients SaNOtize 75% 0.25 [0.14-0.43] cases 13/203 108/422 Nitric oxide COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors nitric oxide Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.