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Investigating the relationship between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity among patients at MNGHA in Saudi Arabia

Nahhas et al., International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1747240075, Dec 2025
https://c19early.org/nahhas.html
Hospitalization 51% Improvement Relative Risk Vitamin D for COVID-19  Nahhas et al.  Sufficiency Are vitamin D levels associated with COVID-19 outcomes? Retrospective 302 patients in Saudi Arabia Lower hospitalization with higher vitamin D levels (not stat. sig., p=0.29) c19early.org Nahhas et al., Int. J. Medicine in Dev.., Dec 2025 Favorsvitamin D Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 126 studies, recognized in 18 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
6,100+ studies for 180 treatments. c19early.org
Cross-sectional study of 471 COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia showing no significant association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity in unadjusted results.
This is the 225th COVID-19 sufficiency study for vitamin D, which collectively show higher levels reduce risk with p<0.0000000001 (1 in 31,617,034,419,735,437,312 vigintillion).
risk of hospitalization, 51.2% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.29, high D levels (≥50 nmol/l) 4 of 129 (3.1%), low D levels (<30 nmol/l) 11 of 173 (6.4%), NNT 31.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Nahhas et al., 31 Dec 2025, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, peer-reviewed, mean age 42.0, 5 authors. Contact: anazia@ksau-hs.edu.sa.
Investigating the relationship between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity among patients at MNGHA in Saudi Arabia
Rafal Nahhas, Reema Alasiri, Raoud Alissa, Asma Alanazi, Haifa Abdulaziz Alhawas
International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, doi:10.24911/ijmdc.51-1747240075
Objective: This study aimed to assess the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19, and to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 severity and their vitamin D levels. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, among a total of 471 COVID-19 patients who were infected during the years 2020 and 2021. Patients were identified through the infection control department, the intensive care unit, and medical records. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 42 ± 10.28 years, with the majority of female cases (60%) occurring in the year 2020. Nearly half of the overall patients (49%) were admitted through the emergency department. There was no statistically significant association between low vitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19 symptoms (p-value = 0.13). The most common symptoms across all patients were upper respiratory tract infections, including nasopharyngitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media, but were nearly twice as common in outpatients. Notably, muscle injury was the only symptom with a statistically significant association with vitamin D deficiency (p-value=0.031). Both males (n = 94) and females (n = 127) had moderate vitamin D deficiency, with females being significantly more vitamin D deficient than males (p-value = 0.018). Conclusion: It was found that there was no significant correlation between reduced serum vitamin D levels and the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. Further multicenter studies on a larger scale are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D deficiency in the progression of COVID-19.
List of Abbreviations Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. Consent for Participation Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
References
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Alguwaihes, Sabico, Hasanato, Me, Megdad et al., Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective casecontrol study in an Arab Gulf country, Aging Clin Exp Res, doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01831-0
Alkhafaji, Argan, Albaker, Elq, Al-Hariri et al., The impact of vitamin D levels on the severity and outcome of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease, Int J Gener Med, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S346169
Alzaheb, The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its associated risk factors among women of reproductive age in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Med Insights, doi:10.1177/1179562X18767884
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