Supplementary Data — Alkalinization reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 14 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 15V15 (V1 2023)

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October 2026

Alkalinization COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Yilmaz (SB RCT)86%0.14 · 0.01–2.65hosp.0/303/30alkaline solution Yilmaz (SB RCT)62%0.38 · 0.00–15561viral load30 (n)30 (n)alkaline solution Yilmaz (SB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.00–2148239viral load30 (n)30 (n)alkaline solution de Gabory (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.12–0.54progression7/8231/91SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)68%0.32 · 0.15–0.71progression7/8224/91SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)35%0.65 · 0.27–1.57progression7/8212/91SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)24%0.76 · 0.60–0.96recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)17%0.83 · 0.76–0.91recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)26%0.74 · 0.57–0.97recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)29%0.71 · 0.57–0.87recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)26%0.74 · 0.61–0.92recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)14%0.86 · 0.68–1.09recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)11%0.89 · 0.70–1.13recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)−2%1.02 · 0.80–1.29recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)25%0.75 · 0.56–0.99recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)3%0.97 · 0.77–1.21recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)14%0.86 · 0.68–1.09recov. time82 (n)91 (n)SeaCarealkaline seawater de Gabory (RCT)37%0.63 · 0.19–2.09viral+4/827/91SeaCarealkaline seawater Mody (RCT)64%0.36 · 0.19–0.68no improv.8/3022/30sodium bicarb. Salva45%0.55 · 0.35–0.85death35/32734/174alkaline ibuprofen CT¹ Salva76%0.24 · 0.14–0.43death11/5617/21alkaline ibuprofen CT¹ Salva14%0.86 · 0.83–0.90hosp. time327 (n)174 (n)alkaline ibuprofen CT¹ Salva18%0.82 · 0.74–0.91hosp. time56 (n)21 (n)alkaline ibuprofen CT¹ Soares (ICU)76%0.24 · 0.11–0.54death6/4418/32ICU patients sodium bicarb. Delić (RCT)23%0.77 · 0.56–1.06death23/4237/52Intubated patients sodium bicarb. Delić (RCT)20%0.80 · 0.54–1.18death20/4231/52Intubated patients sodium bicarb. Calonico49%0.51 · 0.31–0.85death1,019 (n)3,303 (n)alkaline ibuprofen CT¹ El-Badrawy57%0.43 · 0.09–2.08death3/1273/55sodium bicarb. El-Badrawy39%0.61 · 0.20–1.83progression7/1275/55sodium bicarb. El-Badrawy19%0.81 · 0.68–0.96no recov.84/12745/55sodium bicarb. El-Badrawy73%0.27 · 0.14–0.52no recov.127 (n)55 (n)sodium bicarb. El-Badrawy66%0.34 · 0.25–0.47recov. time127 (n)55 (n)sodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)23%0.77 · 0.50–1.18death32/27242/274SODICsodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)55%0.45 · 0.23–0.87death12/24727/251SODICsodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)79%0.21 · 0.02–1.76death1/1255/130SODICsodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)53%0.47 · 0.25–0.88death11/6322/59SODICsodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)−23%1.23 · 0.86–1.75death20/2515/23SODICsodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)28%0.72 · 0.66–0.80recov. time272 (n)274 (n)SODICsodium bicarb. El-Badr.. (DB RCT)33%0.67 · 0.52–0.85no recov.238 (n)229 (n)SODICsodium bicarb. Kalayan79%0.21 · 0.07–0.65death3/3724/62alkaline ibuprofen CT¹ Wang (RCT)39%0.61 · 0.46–0.82hosp. time23 (n)32 (n)sodium bicarb. Pantazop.. (SB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.85death0/281/28alkaline seawater Pantazop.. (SB RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.85ICU0/281/28alkaline seawater Pantazop.. (SB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.01–3.99oxygen0/282/28alkaline seawater Pantazop.. (SB RCT)42%0.58 · 0.34–0.98viral+11/2819/28alkaline seawater Lumlertgul (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.04–2.56death1/83/8ICU patients intravenous sodium bicarb. Lumlertgul (RCT)40%0.60 · 0.21–1.70misc.3/85/8ICU patients intravenous sodium bicarb. Karami (DB RCT)45%0.55 · 0.24–1.22symptoms40 (n)40 (n)sodium bicarb. Karami (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.17–1.99symptoms36 (n)40 (n)sodium bicarb. Karami (DB RCT)42%0.58 · 0.22–1.51symptoms36 (n)40 (n)sodium bicarb. Karami (DB RCT)79%0.21 · 0.04–0.97symptoms36 (n)40 (n)sodium bicarb. Karami (DB RCT)18%0.82 · 0.22–2.96symptoms36 (n)40 (n)sodium bicarb. Karami (DB RCT)39%0.61 · 0.33–1.12cases11/4018/40sodium bicarb.

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¹ CT: study uses combined treatment

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← Alkalinization
reduces riskAlkalinization
increases risk →

Fig. S1. All outcomes.

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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.