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14 nigella sativa COVID-19 controlled studies, 10 RCTs
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0.25
0.5
0.75
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1.5
1.75
2+ HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.04-0.80] death 2/157 11/156 CT1 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.99] death 0/107 1/103 CT1 HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.05-0.92] death 2/50 10/53 CT1 HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 84% 0.16 [0.11-0.24] no recov. 107 (n) 103 (n) CT1 HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.15-0.41] no recov. 50 (n) 53 (n) CT1 HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.12-0.27] viral+ 107 (n) 103 (n) CT1 HNS-COVID-PK Ashraf (RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.14-0.38] viral+ 50 (n) 53 (n) CT1 Al-Haidari (RCT) 96% 0.04 [0.00-0.70] death 0/160 14/259 Al-Haidari (RCT) 93% 0.07 [0.02-0.30] severe case 2/160 44/259 Aldwihi 24% 0.76 [0.54-1.03] hosp. 85/345 152/393 Koshak (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.03-2.22] hosp. 1/91 4/92 Koshak (RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.42-0.78] no recov. 34/91 60/92 BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT) 69% 0.31 [0.01-7.19] hosp. 0/29 1/23 BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.48-1.72] no improv. 28 (n) 23 (n) BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT) 35% 0.65 [0.29-1.43] no improv. 28 (n) 23 (n) BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.22-1.43] viral+ 5/21 8/19 Said (RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.04-1.23] recovery 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.02-0.58] recovery 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.07-0.59] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.07-0.70] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 85% 0.15 [0.04-0.48] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.03-0.33] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 85% 0.15 [0.02-0.74] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.05-1.79] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 58% 0.42 [0.08-1.86] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 58% 0.42 [0.08-1.86] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.02-0.94] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.02-0.70] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.22-2.40] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 56% 0.44 [0.12-1.53] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.03-0.92] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 90% 0.10 [0.01-0.66] no recov. 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 61% 0.39 [0.13-1.08] viral+ 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 85% 0.15 [0.04-0.51] viral+ 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.02-0.30] viral+ 30 (n) 30 (n) Said (RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.03-0.45] viral+ 30 (n) 30 (n) Idris 39% 0.61 [0.44-0.84] recov. time 26 (n) 25 (n) Idris 15% 0.85 [0.25-2.82] viral+ 3/13 6/22 Idris 40% 0.60 [0.39-0.91] viral+ 13/26 21/25 Karimi (RCT) 51% 0.49 [0.09-2.66] death 2/192 4/189 CT1 Karimi (RCT) 61% 0.39 [0.08-2.00] ICU 2/192 5/189 CT1 Karimi (RCT) 70% 0.30 [0.15-0.61] hosp. 184 (n) 174 (n) CT1 Karimi (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.17-0.65] no recov. 184 (n) 174 (n) CT1 Karimi (RCT) 14% 0.86 [0.80-0.93] no recov. 184 (n) 174 (n) CT1 Setayesh (RCT) -8% 1.08 [0.07-16.7] death 1/38 1/41 CT1 Setayesh (RCT) 27% 0.73 [0.58-0.92] oxygen time 38 (n) 41 (n) CT1 Setayesh (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.63-0.81] hosp. time 38 (n) 41 (n) CT1 Faruq (RCT) 6% 0.94 [0.63-1.38] death 29/75 31/75 ICU patients Faruq (RCT) 62% 0.38 [0.18-0.81] ventilation 8/75 21/75 ICU patients Faruq (RCT) 83% 0.17 [0.05-0.54] ventilation 3/75 18/75 ICU patients Faruq (RCT) 23% 0.77 [0.22-2.67] ICU 4/46 5/44 ICU patients Faruq (RCT) 28% 0.72 [0.34-1.53] ICU 9/46 12/44 ICU patients Faruq (RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.49-0.90] ICU 25/46 36/44 ICU patients Faruq (RCT) 7% 0.93 [0.83-1.05] ICU 41/46 42/44 ICU patients Al-Haidari 62% 0.38 [0.31-0.46] symp. case 68/188 180/188 Shehab 0% 1.00 [0.36-2.74] severe case 4/39 22/214 Chandra (RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.16-1.59] cases 4/52 8/53 CT1 Chandra (RCT) 87% 0.13 [0.02-0.84] cases 1/51 8/53 CT1 Chandra (RCT) 74% 0.26 [0.06-1.17] cases 2/51 8/53 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.49-0.89] symp. case 37/89 53/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 97% 0.03 [0.00-0.19] symp. case 1/89 35/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.11-1.04] symp. case 4/89 11/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 62% 0.38 [0.12-1.16] symp. case 4/89 10/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.50-1.09] symp. case 29/89 37/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.43-2.62] symp. case 9/89 8/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 79% 0.21 [0.07-0.59] symp. case 4/89 18/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 76% 0.24 [0.09-0.60] symp. case 5/89 20/84 CT1 Daneshfard (RCT) 98% 0.02 [0.00-0.31] symp. case 0/89 25/84 CT1 Nigella sativa COVID-19 outcomes c19 earlyDecember 2024 1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors nigella sativa Favors control
Figure S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies.
For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.
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