Supplementary Data — Nigella Sativa reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 15 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 24V24 (V1 2021)

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October 2026

Nigella sativa COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Ashraf (RCT)82%0.18 · 0.04–0.80death2/15711/156HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Ashraf (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.01–7.99death0/1071/103HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Ashraf (RCT)79%0.21 · 0.05–0.92death2/5010/53HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Ashraf (RCT)84%0.16 · 0.11–0.24no recov.107 (n)103 (n)HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Ashraf (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.15–0.41no recov.50 (n)53 (n)HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Ashraf (RCT)82%0.18 · 0.12–0.27viral+107 (n)103 (n)HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Ashraf (RCT)77%0.23 · 0.14–0.38viral+50 (n)53 (n)HNS-COVID-PKCT¹ Al-Haidari (RCT)96%0.04 · 0.00–0.70death0/16014/259 Al-Haidari (RCT)93%0.07 · 0.02–0.30severe case2/16044/259 Aldwihi24%0.76 · 0.54–1.03hosp.85/345152/393 Koshak (RCT)75%0.25 · 0.03–2.22hosp.1/914/92 Koshak (RCT)43%0.57 · 0.42–0.78no recov.34/9160/92 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT)69%0.31 · 0.01–7.19hosp.0/291/23BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT)9%0.91 · 0.48–1.72no improv.28 (n)23 (n)BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT)35%0.65 · 0.29–1.43no improv.28 (n)23 (n)BOSS-001 Bencheqr.. (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.22–1.43viral+5/218/19BOSS-001 Said (RCT)77%0.23 · 0.04–1.23recovery30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)89%0.11 · 0.02–0.58recovery30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)80%0.20 · 0.07–0.59no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)77%0.23 · 0.07–0.70no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)85%0.15 · 0.04–0.48no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.03–0.33no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)85%0.15 · 0.02–0.74no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.05–1.79no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)58%0.42 · 0.08–1.86no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)58%0.42 · 0.08–1.86no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)82%0.18 · 0.02–0.94no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)86%0.14 · 0.02–0.70no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)27%0.73 · 0.22–2.40no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)56%0.44 · 0.12–1.53no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)80%0.20 · 0.03–0.92no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)90%0.10 · 0.01–0.66no recov.30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)61%0.39 · 0.13–1.08viral+30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)85%0.15 · 0.04–0.51viral+30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)91%0.09 · 0.02–0.30viral+30 (n)30 (n) Said (RCT)87%0.13 · 0.03–0.45viral+30 (n)30 (n) Idris39%0.61 · 0.44–0.84recov. time26 (n)25 (n) Idris15%0.85 · 0.25–2.82viral+3/136/22 Idris40%0.60 · 0.39–0.91viral+13/2621/25 Kaseb (DB RCT)60%0.40 · 0.20–0.81progression8/5024/60BOSS-002 Kaseb (DB RCT)42%0.58 · 0.33–1.04PASC12/4924/57BOSS-002 Kaseb (DB RCT)−10%1.10 · 0.71–1.71no recov.22/5024/60BOSS-002 Kaseb (DB RCT)−25%1.25 · 0.42–3.70recov. time50 (n)60 (n)BOSS-002 Kaseb (DB RCT)12%0.88 · 0.53–1.47recov. time50 (n)60 (n)BOSS-002 Kaseb (DB RCT)19%0.81 · 0.52–1.26recov. time50 (n)60 (n)BOSS-002 Karimi (RCT)51%0.49 · 0.09–2.66death2/1924/189CT¹ Karimi (RCT)61%0.39 · 0.08–2.00ICU2/1925/189CT¹ Karimi (RCT)70%0.30 · 0.15–0.61hosp.184 (n)174 (n)CT¹ Karimi (RCT)67%0.33 · 0.17–0.65no recov.184 (n)174 (n)CT¹ Karimi (RCT)14%0.86 · 0.80–0.93no recov.184 (n)174 (n)CT¹ Setayesh (RCT)−8%1.08 · 0.07–16.65death1/381/41CT¹ Setayesh (RCT)27%0.73 · 0.58–0.92oxygen time38 (n)41 (n)CT¹ Setayesh (RCT)29%0.71 · 0.63–0.81hosp. time38 (n)41 (n)CT¹ Faruq (RCT)6%0.94 · 0.63–1.38death29/7531/75ICU patients Faruq (RCT)62%0.38 · 0.18–0.81ventilation8/7521/75ICU patients Faruq (RCT)83%0.17 · 0.05–0.54ventilation3/7518/75ICU patients Faruq (RCT)23%0.77 · 0.22–2.67ICU4/465/44ICU patients Faruq (RCT)28%0.72 · 0.34–1.53ICU9/4612/44ICU patients Faruq (RCT)34%0.66 · 0.49–0.90ICU25/4636/44ICU patients Faruq (RCT)7%0.93 · 0.83–1.05ICU41/4642/44ICU patients Al-Haidari62%0.38 · 0.31–0.46symp. case68/188180/188 Shehab0%1.00 · 0.36–2.74severe case4/3922/214 Chandra (RCT)49%0.51 · 0.16–1.59cases4/528/53CT¹ Chandra (RCT)87%0.13 · 0.02–1.00cases1/518/53CT¹ Chandra (RCT)74%0.26 · 0.06–1.17cases2/518/53CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)34%0.66 · 0.49–0.89symp. case37/8953/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)97%0.03 · 0.00–0.19symp. case1/8935/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)66%0.34 · 0.11–1.04symp. case4/8911/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)62%0.38 · 0.12–1.16symp. case4/8910/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)26%0.74 · 0.50–1.09symp. case29/8937/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)−6%1.06 · 0.43–2.62symp. case9/898/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)79%0.21 · 0.07–0.59symp. case4/8918/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)76%0.24 · 0.09–0.60symp. case5/8920/84CT¹ Daneshfard (RCT)98%0.02 · 0.00–0.31symp. case0/8925/84CT¹

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¹ CT: study uses combined treatment

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← Nigella Sativa
reduces riskNigella Sativa
increases risk →

Fig. S1. All outcomes.

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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.